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Thank you so much to Marc Mapalo and Dr. Paul Bartels for their help throughout this video-making process and their insight on this topic.
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Thanks to Robert Berdan, Matt Inman, and Invertebrate Biology Videos for publishing their tardigrade images
under the CC license, it is a huge contribution to
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Producer: Brian McManus (watchnebula.com/realengineering)
References:
[1] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2211251120?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed
[2]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310746120_A_global_biodiversity_estimate_of_a_poorly_known_taxon_phylum_Tardigrada
[3] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258903535_The_morphological_and_molecular_analyses_of_a_new_South_American_urban_tardigrade_offer_new_insights_on_the_biological_meaning_of_the_Macrobiotus_hufelandi_group_of_species_Tardigrada_Macrobiotidae
[4]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016788090700237X?casa_token=cQOc5fmjunQAAAAA:jGo1CedZNWOjT0SMt8myE0YF5AD7-CdxXGcSpVBqRrjKmHTin6OEf7QRCYiF-HBrXRR-w-J7Hh0
[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803907000473?casa_token=NHKCoqiRtBcAAAAA:m9i7Ke9raIPTQ7QjeTRIM514vHQOigTSVsYvF2C2MS_9xGPAv4Cs8gr7N7L8UNKGx-CpF9HW9Ac
[6] https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/8/evab164/6320065?login=false
[7] https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2107289118
[8] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285433645_Phylum_Tardigrada
[9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10924213/#:~:text=Tardigrades%2C%20microscopic%20ecdysozoans%20known%20for,raised%20questions%20about%20this%20assumption.
[10]https://sci-hub.scrongyao.com/10.1078/0044-5231-00051
[11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982208008051
[12] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643320302439
[13]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-00724-6
[14]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011224015300134
[15]https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/178/4/907/2691466
[16]https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/188/3/887/5697459
[17]https://www.science.org/content/article/water-bears-survive-earth-orbit
[18]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773438/
[19]https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12808
[20]https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.373571v1?ct=
[21]https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/3/335
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And thanks the Marjorie McBride for letting us use her clip of the praying mantis eating the hummingbird
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And thanks to Christopher Oufiero and the TU Mantis Lab
https://wp.towson.edu/coufiero/
And Jenny Read and Newcastle University
https://www.jennyreadresearch.com/
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Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (watchnebula.com/realengineering)
REFERENCES
[1] https://passion-entomologie.fr/phylogeny-of-dictyoptera-origin-of-cockroaches-termites-and-mantis-religions/
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenopus_coronatus#cite_note-5
[3] https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/673858#:~:text=coronatus%20is%20indistinguishable%20from%20the,these%20pollinators%20as%20prey%20items.
[4] Brackenbury, J. (1999). Flight and Wing Kinematics. In The Praying Mantids. The John Hopkins University Press.
[5] https://sci-hub.scrongyao.com/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00818.x
[6] Edmunds, M. (1999). Ethology of Defense Against Predators. In The Praying Mantids. The John Hopkins University Press.
[7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5673847/
[8]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221500086X#:~:text=Once%20airborne%2C%20they%20then%20smoothly,jump%20with%20a%20precise%20landing.
[9] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0098
[10] https://bioone.org/journals/the-wilson-journal-of-ornithology/volume-129/issue-2/16-100.1/Bird-Predation-By-Praying-Mantises-A-Global-Perspective/10.1676/16-100.1.full
[11] Yager, D. (1999). Hearing. In The Praying Mantids. The John Hopkins University Press.
[12] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00359-020-01405-x
[13] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-representation-of-the-compound-eye-of-a-Mantis-The-black-pupil-is-only-visible_fig2_362902063
[14] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/220/14/2502/18621/Stereopsis-in-animals-evolution-function-and
[15] https://sci-hub.scrongyao.com/10.1038/302821a0
[16] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30014-9
[17]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29628622/
[18] https://jor.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=28067
[19] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4298199/
[20] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0811
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REFERENCES
[1] https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/182/1/50/3886052?login=false
[2] https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/3/3/20
[3] https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/166/1/132/2629187
[4]http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/lh_size_benefits.htm
[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169534704003143
[6] https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article/73/3/588/6727136#
[7] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.160717#d1e1590
[8] https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2688-8319.12051
[9] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-023-04219-y
[10] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10482-8
[11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320716301975
[12] https://www.mantatrust.org/what-are-mobulids
[13] https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/113/1/180/2416039
[14] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10164-016-0462-z
[15] https://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOANATJ/TOANATJ-3-1.pdf
[16] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathryn-Flowers/publication/344321454_Buried_in_the_sand_Uncovering_the_ecological_roles_and_importance_of_rays/links/6151e391f8c9c51a8af9fd3e/Buried-in-the-sand-Uncovering-the-ecological-roles-and-importance-of-rays.pdf
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Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering)
REFERENCES
[1] https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/8709519
[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318900410_Dart_poison_frogs_and_their_toxins
[3] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470330319.ch174
[4] https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2133521100
[5] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/12/jeb204149/20404
[6] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312103318_Evolution_of_Dietary_Specialization_and_Chemical_Defense_in_Poison_Frogs_Dendrobatidae_A_Comparative_Analysis
[7] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/brooks___saporito_2019__bitter_is_better_.pdf
[8] https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0702851104
[9] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan5061
[10] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/saporito_et_al._2012_-_poison_frog_chemical_ecology_review.pdf
[11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4481408/
[12] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/murray_et_al._2016_-_arthropod_predator_defense_between_lifestages_in_pumilio.pdf
[13] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/mina_et_al._2015_-_variation_in_alkaloid-based_microbial_defenses.pdf
[14] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11272482/#:~:text=Histologically%2C%20there%20was%20epidermal%20hyperkeratosis,pathogen%20in%20poison%20dart%20frogs.
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Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/)
Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering)
REFERENCES
[1] https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sosus_gen.html
[2] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/bloop.html
[3] https://dosits.org/science/sounds-in-the-sea/how-does-sound-in-air-differ-from-sound-in-water/
[4] https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/chapter/6-4-sound/
[5] https://www.ctbto.org/news-and-events/news/minute-earth-video-explains-sofar-channel-ctbto-uses-listen-underwater-nuclear
[6] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.810156/full
[7] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sofar.html
[8] https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/inside-the-nail-biting-quest-to-find-the-loneliest-whale/https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/a-lone-voice-crying-in-the-watery-wilderness/
[9] https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/dec21/oh-snap.html
[10] https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2008/362/m362p037.pdf
[11] https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sounds/bloop.html
[12] https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sounds/julia.html
[13] https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sounds/upsweep.html
[14] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13186-2?fbclid=IwAR1anl6ftMqVO6c_AgQQzaXaPYpp-Osg7gm4LQWzPhvvRzkv-MrGQRaB05k
[15] https://www.academia.edu/14128372/Settlement_stage_coral_reef_fish_prefer_the_higher_frequency_invertebrate_generated_audible_component_of_reef_noise
[16] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-30332-5
[17] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00606/full
[18] https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021EF002099
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References:
[1] https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/07/weather/hurricane-lee-path-atlantic-caribbean-climate/index.html
[2] https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/
[3] https://ocean.si.edu/planet-ocean/waves-storms-tsunamis/hurricanes-typhoons-and-cyclones
[4] https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/meteoworld/hybridization-of-sandy
[5] https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/108/11/1520-0493_1980_108_1915_aaostt_2_0_co_2.xml
[6] https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/perfect-storm-what-is-the-fujiwhara-effect--85337
[7] https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/40615/typhoon-melor-and-tropical-storm-parma
[8] https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/03/17/1164256900/cyclone-freddy-shattered-records-people-lost-everything-how-does-the-healing-beg
[9] https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/world%E2%80%99s-deadliest-tropical-cyclone-was-50-years-ago
[10] http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/storms/1970s/greatbhola/
[11] https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-tropical-cyclone-activity
[12] https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/related_files/gav_2010JCLI3810.pdf
[13] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1920849117
[14] https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/31/9/jcli-d-17-0391.1.xml
[15] https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/
[16] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-1011-1
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Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/)
Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering)
REFERENCES
[1] https://www.americanoceans.org/facts/ocean-gyres-facts/
[2] https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html
[3] https://www.google.com/books/edition/Biology_of_the_Pacific_Ocean_Zenkevoch_L/QTIUAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=pleuston&pg=PT12&printsec=frontcover
[4] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64465-8
[5] https://www.keybiscayne.fl.gov/news_detail_T8_R248.php
[6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51842-1
[7] https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001046
[8] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12526-021-01233-5#Sec22
[9] https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps_oa/m662p069.pdf
[10] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w]
[11] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-01997-y
[12] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64465-8
[13] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.7b04682
[14] https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646
[15] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X22010517?via%3Dihub
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Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/)
Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering)
REFERENCES
[1] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mms.12947
[2] https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-has-a-group-of-orcas-suddenly-started-attacking-boats/#:~:text=Much%20as%20 in%20 humans%2C%20 orca,area%20with%20heavy%20boat%20traffic.
[3] http://www.orcarelief.org/docs/energy%20KW%20human%20disturbance.pdf
[4] https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CROEDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT8&dq=orca+ramming+boats&ots=gy3hW633b_&sig=XAIHV_WP_Ons8buuSq7Z-faOtpQ#v=onepage&q=orca%20ramming%20boats&f=false
[5] https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11693
[6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320704001338?via%3Dihub
[7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4997274/
[8] https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001946
[9] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-023-01608-5
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Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering)
REFERENCES
[1] https://www.hunimed.eu/news/the-future-of-vision-and-eye-care/
[2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11522/
[3] https://www.amnh.org/explore/ology/brain/seeing-color
[4] https://www.bps.org.uk/research-digest/your-brain-stops-time-when-you-blink
[5] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797616672270
[6] https://zenodo.org/record/853235
[7]https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.1910
[8] https://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_kish_how_i_use_sonar_to_navigate_the_world/transcript
[9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5493986/
[10] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6GDNpylILE
[11] https://academic.oup.com/nc/article/2022/1/niab043/6539830#377635420
[12] https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00901/full
[13] https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2005769
[14] https://elifesciences.org/articles/40766
[15] https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-charles-bonnet-syndrome
[16] https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/horizon-magazine/vision-tech-developments-give-glimpse-future
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Select footage courtesy of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)
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REFERENCES
[1] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2012.1357
[2] https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/127894/1/628738.pdf
[3] https://bioone.org/journals/zoological-science/volume-20/issue-10/zsj.20.1243/Phylogenetic-Position-of-a-Deep-Sea-Ascidian-Megalodicopia-hians-Inferred/10.2108/zsj.20.1243.full
[4] https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/181/1/1/3926497#95354375
[5] Theodore Pietsch. Oceanic Anglerfishes: Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea.
[6] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/096706379500061A#:~:text=Melanocetus%20johnsoni%20(Teleostei%3AMelanocetidae),sit%2Dand%2Dwait%20predators.
[7] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tracey-Sutton/publication/309716805_Dining_in_the_Deep_The_Feeding_Ecology_of_Deep-Sea_Fishes/links/60a18006299bf14769a29f8b/Dining-in-the-Deep-The-Feeding-Ecology-of-Deep-Sea-Fishes.pdf
[8] https://bioone.org/journals/copeia/volume-2008/issue-4/CG-07-082/Macropinna-microstoma-and-the-Paradox-of-Its-Tubular-Eyes/10.1643/CG-07-082.short
[9] https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2638575
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Thanks to the Patek Lab for their incredible footage and help throughout this entire video
Images Courtesy of Getty Images
REFERENCES
[1] https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/aquarius/evolution.php
[2] https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/12/647
[3] https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/aquarius/raps.php
[4] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ntls.20220060
[5] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/215/24/4374/11185/Strike-mechanics-of-an-ambush-predator-the
[6] https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3182/9/1/016014
[6.5]https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/208/19/3655/15838/Extreme-impact-and-cavitation-forces-of-a
[7] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/208/19/3655/15838/Extreme-impact-and-cavitation-forces-of-a
[8] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201705295/abstract;jsessionid=4C4734944E5EE4127AC60CE49389F3DE.f04t03
[9] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000334722030289X?via%3Dihub
[10] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6731505/
[11] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abe3196
[12] https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1245824
[13] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(15)01310-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS096098221501310X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
[14] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cne.24788
[15] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2026833118
[16] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4629637/
[17] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1917303117
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Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering)
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REFERENCES:
[1] https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.00172.pdf
[2] https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_1%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)/05%3A_Protists/5.02%3A_Heterotrophic_Protists/5.2.01%3A_Slime_Molds
[3] https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/slime-molds.htm
[4] https://pediaa.com/difference-between-haplontic-and-diplontic-life-cycle/
[5] https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/23%3A_Protists/23.2%3A_Characteristics_of_Protists/23.2B%3A_Protist_Life_Cycles_and_Habitats
[6] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5h8WOWEqP6o&embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2F&feature=emb_title
[7] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1500708112
[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/slime-mould
[9] https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/slime-molds.htm
[10] https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.00172.pdf
[11] https://www.nature.com/articles/35035159#Sec2
[12] https://annealing-cloud.com/en/knowledge/1.html
[13] https://www.jstor.org/stable/40508592
[14] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.180396
[15] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136970211400025X
[16] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4738259/
[17] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279899958_Physarum_Chip_Project_Growing_Computers_from_Slime_Mould
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[1] https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/a/intro-to-viruses
[2] https://jvi.asm.org/content/89/3/1537
[3] https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1972
[4]
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2021/02/viruses-can-cause-great-harm-but-we-could-not-live-without-them-feature/
[5] https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2012/02/14/mammals-made-by-viruses/
[6] https://www.nature.com/articles/35001608