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Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering)
REFERENCES
[1] https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/8709519
[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318900410_Dart_poison_frogs_and_their_toxins
[3] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470330319.ch174
[4] https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2133521100
[5] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/12/jeb204149/20404
[6] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312103318_Evolution_of_Dietary_Specialization_and_Chemical_Defense_in_Poison_Frogs_Dendrobatidae_A_Comparative_Analysis
[7] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/brooks___saporito_2019__bitter_is_better_.pdf
[8] https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0702851104
[9] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan5061
[10] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/saporito_et_al._2012_-_poison_frog_chemical_ecology_review.pdf
[11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4481408/
[12] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/murray_et_al._2016_-_arthropod_predator_defense_between_lifestages_in_pumilio.pdf
[13] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/mina_et_al._2015_-_variation_in_alkaloid-based_microbial_defenses.pdf
[14] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11272482/#:~:text=Histologically%2C%20there%20was%20epidermal%20hyperkeratosis,pathogen%20in%20poison%20dart%20frogs.
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Watch this video ad-free on Nebula: https://nebula.tv/videos/realscience-the-insane-biology-of-the-tardigrade
Thank you so much to Marc Mapalo and Dr. Paul Bartels for their help throughout this video-making process and their insight on this topic.
https://warren-wilson.edu/people/paul-bartels/
https://mcz.harvard.edu/people/marc-mapalo
Thanks to Robert Berdan, Matt Inman, and Invertebrate Biology Videos for publishing their tardigrade images
under the CC license, it is a huge contribution to
science communication.
Links to my things:
(https://www.patreon.com/realscience)
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Images Courtesy of Getty Images
Thanks to our Patreon Supporters:
Eric Ypsilantis
Robert Thompson
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Credits:
Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann
Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault
Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1)
Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations)
Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski (https://www.instagram.com/jacekambrozewski/)
Producer: Brian McManus (watchnebula.com/realengineering)
References:
[1] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2211251120?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed
[2]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310746120_A_global_biodiversity_estimate_of_a_poorly_known_taxon_phylum_Tardigrada
[3] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258903535_The_morphological_and_molecular_analyses_of_a_new_South_American_urban_tardigrade_offer_new_insights_on_the_biological_meaning_of_the_Macrobiotus_hufelandi_group_of_species_Tardigrada_Macrobiotidae
[4]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016788090700237X?casa_token=cQOc5fmjunQAAAAA:jGo1CedZNWOjT0SMt8myE0YF5AD7-CdxXGcSpVBqRrjKmHTin6OEf7QRCYiF-HBrXRR-w-J7Hh0
[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803907000473?casa_token=NHKCoqiRtBcAAAAA:m9i7Ke9raIPTQ7QjeTRIM514vHQOigTSVsYvF2C2MS_9xGPAv4Cs8gr7N7L8UNKGx-CpF9HW9Ac
[6] https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/8/evab164/6320065?login=false
[7] https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2107289118
[8] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285433645_Phylum_Tardigrada
[9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10924213/#:~:text=Tardigrades%2C%20microscopic%20ecdysozoans%20known%20for,raised%20questions%20about%20this%20assumption.
[10]https://sci-hub.scrongyao.com/10.1078/0044-5231-00051
[11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982208008051
[12] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1095643320302439
[13]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-00724-6
[14]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011224015300134
[15]https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/178/4/907/2691466
[16]https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/188/3/887/5697459
[17]https://www.science.org/content/article/water-bears-survive-earth-orbit
[18]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773438/
[19]https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12808
[20]https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.373571v1?ct=
[21]https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/3/335
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Thanks to Jordi Woerts for letting us use his incredible footage of the mantis eating the frog
www.youtube.com/@UC6E_IJAa8aJCB1JkjPBOw6g
www.jordiwoerts.com
Instagram: (https://www.instagram.com/jwwlphoto)
And thanks the Marjorie McBride for letting us use her clip of the praying mantis eating the hummingbird
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And thanks to Christopher Oufiero and the TU Mantis Lab
https://wp.towson.edu/coufiero/
And Jenny Read and Newcastle University
https://www.jennyreadresearch.com/
Links to my things:
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Credits:
Writer/Narrator: Stephanie Sammann
Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault
Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1)
Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations)
Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/)
Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (watchnebula.com/realengineering)
REFERENCES
[1] https://passion-entomologie.fr/phylogeny-of-dictyoptera-origin-of-cockroaches-termites-and-mantis-religions/
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenopus_coronatus#cite_note-5
[3] https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/673858#:~:text=coronatus%20is%20indistinguishable%20from%20the,these%20pollinators%20as%20prey%20items.
[4] Brackenbury, J. (1999). Flight and Wing Kinematics. In The Praying Mantids. The John Hopkins University Press.
[5] https://sci-hub.scrongyao.com/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00818.x
[6] Edmunds, M. (1999). Ethology of Defense Against Predators. In The Praying Mantids. The John Hopkins University Press.
[7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5673847/
[8]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221500086X#:~:text=Once%20airborne%2C%20they%20then%20smoothly,jump%20with%20a%20precise%20landing.
[9] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0098
[10] https://bioone.org/journals/the-wilson-journal-of-ornithology/volume-129/issue-2/16-100.1/Bird-Predation-By-Praying-Mantises-A-Global-Perspective/10.1676/16-100.1.full
[11] Yager, D. (1999). Hearing. In The Praying Mantids. The John Hopkins University Press.
[12] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00359-020-01405-x
[13] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-representation-of-the-compound-eye-of-a-Mantis-The-black-pupil-is-only-visible_fig2_362902063
[14] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/220/14/2502/18621/Stereopsis-in-animals-evolution-function-and
[15] https://sci-hub.scrongyao.com/10.1038/302821a0
[16] https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30014-9
[17]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29628622/
[18] https://jor.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=28067
[19] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4298199/
[20] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0811
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Credits:
Narrator: Stephanie Sammann
Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault
Editor: Dylan Hennessy (https://www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1)
Illustrator: Jacek Ambrożewski
Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (https://kpatart.com/illustrations)
Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/)
Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster (https://twitter.com/forgottentowel)
Producer: Brian McManus (https://www.youtube.com/c/realengineering)
REFERENCES
[1] https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/8709519
[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318900410_Dart_poison_frogs_and_their_toxins
[3] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470330319.ch174
[4] https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2133521100
[5] https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/12/jeb204149/20404
[6] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312103318_Evolution_of_Dietary_Specialization_and_Chemical_Defense_in_Poison_Frogs_Dendrobatidae_A_Comparative_Analysis
[7] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/brooks___saporito_2019__bitter_is_better_.pdf
[8] https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0702851104
[9] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan5061
[10] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/saporito_et_al._2012_-_poison_frog_chemical_ecology_review.pdf
[11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4481408/
[12] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/murray_et_al._2016_-_arthropod_predator_defense_between_lifestages_in_pumilio.pdf
[13] https://ralphsaporito.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/7/59174543/mina_et_al._2015_-_variation_in_alkaloid-based_microbial_defenses.pdf
[14] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11272482/#:~:text=Histologically%2C%20there%20was%20epidermal%20hyperkeratosis,pathogen%20in%20poison%20dart%20frogs.
