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E. Howard Hunt on the Watergate Conspiracy (1973)

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On January 11, 1973, former White House consultant and Watergate defendant E. Howard Hunt talked to the press outside the federal court. Hunt's wife and lawyers also arrived at the court, and reporters asked for their comments on the case.

Hunt told reporters that the opening statement made about him by Assistant US Attorney Earl J. Silbert, the chief prosecutor at the Watergate trial, was "essentially correct." Hunt also said that the money for his bond came from his late wife's insurance policy.

Hunt admitted to pleading guilty to all counts against him in the hope of a lighter sentence. He said that because of his wife's recent death, he could not endure a long trial. Hunt also claimed that, to his "personal knowledge," there was no involvement of "higher-ups" in the Watergate scandal.

Meanwhile, G. Gordon Liddy, another defendant in the Watergate case, entered the court building, followed by other defendants. Hunt continued to give interviews in front of the court building, answering reporters' questions about his involvement in the Watergate scandal.

The Watergate scandal involved a break-in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1972. The break-in was carried out by members of President Richard Nixon's re-election campaign. The incident triggered a series of investigations, leading to Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, and the conviction of several of his associates.

E. Howard Hunt was a former CIA operative who worked as a White House consultant during the Nixon administration. He was involved in planning and executing the Watergate break-in. Hunt was sentenced to 33 months in prison for his role in the Watergate scandal.

Everette Howard Hunt Jr. (October 9, 1918 – January 23, 2007) was an American intelligence officer and author. From 1949 to 1970, Hunt served as an officer in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), particularly in the United States involvement in regime change in Latin America including the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état and the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. Along with G. Gordon Liddy, Frank Sturgis, and others, Hunt was one of the Nixon administration "plumbers", a team of operatives charged with identifying government sources of national security information "leaks" to outside parties. Hunt and Liddy plotted the Watergate burglaries and other clandestine operations for the Nixon administration. In the ensuing Watergate scandal, Hunt was convicted of burglary, conspiracy, and wiretapping, eventually serving 33 months in prison. After release, Hunt lived in Mexico and then Florida until his death.
Early life
Birthplace of E. Howard Hunt

Hunt was born in Hamburg, New York,[1] United States, the son of Ethel Jean (Totterdale) and Everette Howard Hunt Sr., an attorney and Republican Party official. He graduated, along with Howard J. Osborn[2] from Hamburg High School in 1936[3] and Brown University in 1940. During World War II, Hunt served in the U.S. Navy on the destroyer USS Mayo, the United States Army Air Corps, and finally, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the CIA, in China.[4]
Career
Author

Hunt was a prolific author, having published 73 books during his lifetime.[5] During and after the war, he wrote several novels under his own name, including East of Farewell (1942), Limit of Darkness (1944), Stranger in Town (1947), Maelstrom (1949) Bimini Run (1949), and The Violent Ones (1950). He also wrote spy and hardboiled novels under an array of pseudonyms, including Robert Dietrich, Gordon Davis, David St. John, and P. S. Donoghue. Hunt won a Guggenheim Fellowship for his writing in 1946. Some have found parallels between his writings and his experiences during Watergate and espionage.[6] He continued his writing career after he was released from prison, publishing nearly twenty spy thrillers between 1980 and 2000.[1][7]
Economic Cooperation Administration

Prior to 1949, Hunt served as an Officer in the Information Division of the Economic Cooperation Administration, a predecessor of the Mutual Security Agency.[8]
CIA
Anti-Castro efforts

Shortly following the end of World War II the OSS was disbanded. The subsequent emergence of the Cold War and the lack of a central intelligence organization resulted in the CIA's formation in 1947. Warner Bros. had just bought rights to Hunt's novel Bimini Run when he joined the CIA's Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) in October 1949. He was assigned as a covert action officer specializing in political action and influence in what later came to be called the CIA's Special Activities Division.[9]

According to David Talbot, "Howard Hunt prided himself on being part of the CIA’s upper tier. But that’s not how he was viewed at the top of the agency. Hunt liked to brag that he had family connections to Wild Bill Donovan himself, who had admitted him into the OSS, the original roundtable of American intelligence. But it turned out that Hunt’s father was a lobbyist in upstate New York to whom Donovan owed a favor, not a fellow Wall Street lawyer. Everyone knew Hunt was a writer, but they also knew he was no Ian Fleming. To the Georgetown set, there would always be something low-rent about men like Hunt—as well as William Harvey and David Morales. The CIA was a cold hierarchy. Men like this would never be invited for lunch with Allen Dulles at the Alibi Club or to play tennis with Dick Helms at the Chevy Chase Club. These men were indispensable—until they became expendable."[10]
Mexico, Guatemala, Japan, Uruguay and Cuba

Hunt became the OPC Station Chief in Mexico City in 1950, and recruited and supervised William F. Buckley Jr., who worked under Hunt[11] in his OPC Station in Mexico during the period 1951–1952. Buckley and Hunt remained lifelong friends, and Buckley became godfather to Hunt's first three children.[12]

In Mexico, Hunt helped lay the framework for Operation PBFortune, later renamed Operation PBSuccess, the successful covert operation to overthrow Jacobo Árbenz, the democratically elected president of Guatemala. Hunt was assigned as Chief of Covert Action in Japan. He afterwards served as Chief of Station in Uruguay, (where he was noted by American diplomatic contemporary Samuel F. Hart for controversial working methods).[1] Hunt would later say "What we wanted to do was to have a terror campaign, to terrify Arbenz particularly, to terrify his troops, much as the German Stuka bombers terrified the population of Holland, Belgium and Poland”.[13][14]

Hunt was subsequently given the assignment of forging Cuban exile leaders in the United States into a suitably representative government-in-exile that would, after the Bay of Pigs Invasion, form a pro-American Puppet state intent on taking over Cuba.[15] The failure of the invasion temporarily damaged his career.[citation needed]

Hunt was undeniably bitter about what he perceived as President John F. Kennedy's lack of commitment in attacking and overthrowing the government of Cuba.[16] In his semi-fictional autobiography, Give Us This Day, he wrote: "The Kennedy administration yielded Castro all the excuse he needed to gain a tighter grip on the island of José Martí, then moved shamefacedly into the shadows and hoped the Cuban issue would simply melt away."
Executive Assistant to DCI Allen Dulles

In 1959 Hunt helped CIA Director Allen W. Dulles write The Craft of Intelligence.[17] The following year Hunt established Brigade 2506, an Agency-sponsored group of Cuban exiles formed to attempt the military overthrow of the Cuban government headed by Fidel Castro. It carried out the abortive Bay of Pigs Invasion landings in Cuba on 17 April 1961. After that fiasco, Hunt was reassigned as Executive Assistant to Dulles.[18]
Other work

After President John F. Kennedy fired Dulles in 1961 for the Bay of Pigs failure, Hunt served as the first Chief of Covert Action for the Domestic Operations Division (DODS) from 1962 to 1964.

Hunt told The New York Times in 1974 that he spent about four years working for DODS, beginning shortly after it was set up by the Kennedy administration in 1962, over the "strenuous opposition" of Richard Helms and Thomas H. Karamessines. He said that the division was assembled shortly after the Bay of Pigs operation, and that "many men connected with that failure were shunted into the new domestic unit." He said that some of his projects from 1962 to 1966, which dealt largely with the subsidizing and manipulation of news and publishing organizations in the US, "did seem to violate the intent of the agency's charter."[19]

In 1964, DCI John A. McCone directed Hunt to take a special assignment as a Non-Official Cover (NOC) officer in Madrid, Spain, tasked to create the American answer to Ian Fleming's British MI-6 James Bond novel series. While assigned in Spain, Hunt was covered as a recently retired U.S. State Department Foreign Service Officer (FSO) who had moved his family to Spain in order to write the first installment of the 9-novel Peter Ward series, On Hazardous Duty (1965).

After a year and a half in Spain, Hunt returned to his assignment at DODS. Following a brief tenure on the Special Activities Staff of the Western European Division, he became Chief of Covert Action for the region (while remaining based in the Washington metropolitan area) in July 1968. Hunt was lauded for his "sagacity, balance and imagination", and received the second-highest rating of Strong (signifying "performance ... characterized by exceptional proficiency") in a performance review from the Division's Chief of Operations in April 1969. However, this was downgraded to the third-highest rating of Adequate in an amendment from the Division's Deputy Chief, who recognized Hunt's "broad experience" but opined that "a series of personal and taxing problems" had "tended to dull his cutting edge."[20] Hunt would later maintain that he "had been stigmatized by the Bay of Pigs", and had come to terms with the fact that he "would not get promoted too much higher."[21] In these final years of Hunt's CIA service, he began to cultivate new contacts in "society and the business world."[21] While serving as vice president of the Brown University Club of Washington, he befriended and commenced a strong association with the organization's president, former congressional aide Charles Colson, who soon began working on Richard Nixon's presidential campaign.[22] Hunt retired from the CIA at the pay grade of GS-15, Step 8[23] on April 30, 1970.

Upon retiring from the CIA, Hunt neglected to elect survivorship benefits for his wife. An April 1971 request to retroactively amend his election was rebuffed by the agency. In a May 5, 1972, letter to CIA General Counsel Lawrence Houston, Hunt raised the possibility of returning to active duty for a short period of time in exchange for activating the benefits upon his proposed second retirement. Houston advised Hunt in his May 16 response that this "would be in violation of the spirit of the CIA Retirement Act".[23]

Immediately following his retirement, he went to work for the Robert R. Mullen Company, which cooperated with the CIA; H. R. Haldeman, White House Chief of Staff to President Nixon, wrote in 1978 that the Mullen Company was in fact a CIA front company, a fact that was apparently unknown to Haldeman while he worked in the White House.[24] Through CIA's Project QKENCHANT, Hunt obtained a Covert Security Approval to handle the firm's affairs during Mullen's absence from Washington.[25][26]
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Richard Nixon Alexander Butterfield Charles Colson John Dean John Ehrlichman Gerald Ford H. R. Haldeman E. Howard Hunt Egil Krogh G. Gordon Liddy Gordon C. Strachan Rose Mary Woods

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In 1971, Hunt was hired as a consultant by Colson, by now director of Nixon's Office of Public Liaison, and joined the White House Special Investigations Unit, specializing in political sabotage.[4]

Hunt's first assignment for the White House was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Lewis J. Fielding.[27] In July 1971, Fielding had refused a request from the Federal Bureau of Investigation for psychiatric data on Ellsberg.[28] Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August.[29] The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found.[30]

Also in the summer of 1971, Colson authorized Hunt to travel to New England to seek potentially scandalous information on Senator Edward Kennedy, specifically pertaining to the Chappaquiddick incident and to Kennedy's possible extramarital affairs.[24] Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project.[31] This mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little if any useful information uncovered by Hunt.[24]

Hunt's White House duties included assassinations-related disinformation. In September 1971, Hunt forged and offered to a Life magazine reporter two top-secret U.S. State Department cables designed to prove that President Kennedy had personally and specifically ordered the assassination of South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother, Ngô Đình Nhu, during the 1963 South Vietnamese coup.[32] Hunt told the Senate Watergate Committee in 1973 that he had fabricated the cables to show a link between President Kennedy and the assassination of Diem, a Catholic, to estrange Catholic voters from the Democratic Party, after Colson suggested he "might be able to improve upon the record."[33]

In 1972, Hunt and Liddy were part of an assassination plot targeting journalist Jack Anderson, on orders from Colson.[34] Nixon had disliked Anderson because during the 1960 presidential election Anderson had published an election-eve story concerning a secret loan from Howard Hughes to Nixon's brother,[35] which Nixon believed was the reason he lost the election. Hunt and Liddy met with a CIA operative and discussed methods of assassinating Anderson, which included covering Anderson's car steering wheel with LSD to drug him and cause a fatal accident,[4] poisoning his aspirin bottle, and staging a fatal robbery. The assassination plot never materialized because Hunt and Liddy were arrested for their involvement in the Watergate scandal later that year.
Watergate scandal
Main article: Watergate scandal

According to Seymour Hersh, writing in The New Yorker, Nixon White House tapes show that after presidential candidate George Wallace was shot on May 15, 1972, Nixon and Colson agreed to send Hunt to the Milwaukee home of the gunman, Arthur Bremer, to place McGovern presidential campaign material there. The intention was to link Bremer with the Democrats. Hersh writes that, in a taped conversation, "Nixon is energized and excited by what seems to be the ultimate political dirty trick: the FBI and the Milwaukee police will be convinced, and will tell the world, that the attempted assassination of Wallace had its roots in left-wing Democratic politics." Hunt did not make the trip, however, because the FBI had moved too quickly to seal Bremer's apartment and place it under police guard.[36]

Hunt organized the bugging of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office building.[37] Hunt and fellow operative G. Gordon Liddy, along with the five burglars arrested at the Watergate, were indicted on federal charges three months later.

Hunt put pressure on the White House and the Committee to Re-Elect the President for cash payments to cover legal fees, family support, and expenses, for himself and his fellow burglars. Key Nixon figures, including Haldeman, Charles Colson, Herbert W. Kalmbach, John Mitchell, Fred LaRue, and John Dean eventually became entangled in the payoff schemes, and large amounts of money were passed to Hunt and his accomplices, to try to ensure their silence at the trial, by pleading guilty to avoid prosecutors' questions, and afterwards.[38] Tenacious media, including The Washington Post and The New York Times, eventually used investigative journalism to break open the payoff scheme, and published many articles that proved to be the beginning of the end for the cover-up. Prosecutors had to follow up once the media reported. Hunt also pressured Colson, Dean, and John Ehrlichman to ask Nixon for clemency in sentencing, and eventual presidential pardons for himself and his cronies; this eventually helped to implicate and snare those higher up.[39]

Hunt was sentenced to 30 months to 8 years in prison,[40] and spent 33 months in prison at Federal Correctional Complex, Allenwood and the low-security Federal Prison Camp at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, on a conspiracy charge, arriving at the latter institution on April 25, 1975.[41] While at Allenwood, he suffered a mild stroke.[42]
JFK conspiracy allegations

Hunt supported the Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[43]
Early allegations: Hunt as one of the "three tramps"
Main article: Three tramps
E. Howard Hunt and one of the three tramps arrested after the assassination of President Kennedy.

The Dallas Morning News, the Dallas Times Herald, and the Fort Worth Star-Telegram photographed three transients under police escort near the Texas School Book Depository shortly after the assassination of Kennedy.[44] The men later became known as the "three tramps".[45] According to Vincent Bugliosi, allegations that these men were involved in a conspiracy originated from theorist Richard E. Sprague who compiled the photographs in 1966 and 1967, and subsequently turned them over to Jim Garrison during his investigation of Clay Shaw.[45] Appearing before a nationwide audience on the December 31, 1968, episode of The Tonight Show, Garrison held up a photo of the three and suggested they were involved in the assassination.[45] Later, in 1974, assassination researchers Alan J. Weberman and Michael Canfield compared photographs of the men to people they believed to be suspects involved in a conspiracy and said that two of the men were Watergate burglars E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis.[46] Comedian and civil rights activist Dick Gregory helped bring national media attention to the allegations against Hunt and Sturgis in 1975 after obtaining the comparison photographs from Weberman and Canfield.[46] Immediately after obtaining the photographs, Gregory held a press conference that received considerable coverage and his charges were reported in Rolling Stone and Newsweek.[46][47]

The Rockefeller Commission reported in 1975 that they investigated the allegation that Hunt and Sturgis, on behalf of the CIA, participated in the assassination of Kennedy.[48] The final report of that commission stated that witnesses who testified that the "derelicts" bore a resemblance to Hunt or Sturgis "were not shown to have any qualifications in photo identification beyond that possessed by an average layman".[49] Their report also stated that FBI Agent Lyndal L. Shaneyfelt, "a nationally-recognized expert in photoidentification and photoanalysis" with the FBI photographic laboratory, had concluded from photo comparison that none of the men was Hunt or Sturgis.[50] In 1979, the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations reported that forensic anthropologists had again analyzed and compared the photographs of the "tramps" with those of Hunt and Sturgis, as well as with photographs of Thomas Vallee, Daniel Carswell, and Fred Lee Chrisman.[51] According to the Committee, only Chrisman resembled any of the tramps, but determined that he was not in Dealey Plaza on the day of the assassination.[51]

In 1992, journalist Mary La Fontaine discovered the November 22, 1963, arrest records that the Dallas Police Department had released in 1989, which named the three men as Gus W. Abrams, Harold Doyle, and John F. Gedney.[52] According to the arrest reports, the three men were "taken off a boxcar in the railroad yards right after President Kennedy was shot", detained as "investigative prisoners", described as unemployed and passing through Dallas, then released four days later.[52]
Compulsive Spy and Coup d'Etat in America

In 1973, Viking Press published Tad Szulc's book about Hunt's career titled Compulsive Spy.[53] Szulc, a former correspondent for The New York Times, claimed unnamed CIA sources told him that Hunt, working with Rolando Cubela Secades, had a role in coordinating the assassination of Castro for an aborted second invasion of Cuba.[53] In one passage, he also stated that Hunt was the acting chief of the CIA station in Mexico City in 1963 while Lee Harvey Oswald was there.[54][55][nb 1]

The Rockefeller Commission's June 1975 report stated that they investigated allegations that the CIA, including Hunt, may have had contact with Oswald or Jack Ruby.[57] According to the Commission, one "witness testified that E. Howard Hunt was Acting Chief of a CIA Station in Mexico City in 1963, implying that he could have had contact with Oswald when Oswald visited Mexico City in September 1963."[58] Their report stated that there was "no credible evidence" of CIA involvement in the assassination and noted: "At no time was [Hunt] ever the Chief, or Acting Chief, of a CIA Station in Mexico City.[58]

Released in the Fall of 1975 after the Rockefeller Commission's report, Weberman and Canfield's book Coup d'Etat in America reiterated Szulc's allegation.[55][nb 2] In July 1976, Hunt filed a $2.5 million libel suit against the authors, as well as the book's publishers and editor.[59] According to Ellis Rubin, Hunt's attorney who filed the suit in a Miami federal court, the book said that Hunt took part in the assassination of Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.[59]

As part of his suit, Hunt filed a legal action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in September 1978 requesting that Szulc be cited for contempt if he refused to divulge his sources.[54] Three months earlier, Szulc stated in a deposition that he refused to name his sources due to "the professional confidentiality of sources" and "journalistic privilege".[54] Rubin stated that knowing the source of the allegation that Hunt was in Mexico City in 1963 was important because Szulc's passage "is what everybody uses as an authority ... he's cited in everything written on E. Howard Hunt".[54] He added that rumors that Hunt was involved in the Kennedy assassination might be put to end if Szulc's source was revealed.[54] Stating that Hunt had not provided a sufficient reason to override Szulc's First Amendment rights to protect the confidentiality of his sources, United States District Judge Albert Vickers Bryan Jr. ruled in favor of Szulc.[55]
Libel suit: Liberty Lobby and The Spotlight

On November 3, 1978, Hunt gave a security-classified deposition for the House Select Committee on Assassinations. He denied knowledge of any conspiracy to kill Kennedy. (The Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB) released the deposition in February 1996.)[60] Two newspaper articles published a few months before the deposition stated that a 1966 CIA memo linking Hunt to the assassination of President Kennedy had recently been provided to the HSCA. The first article, by Victor Marchetti – author of the book The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (1974) – appeared in the Liberty Lobby newspaper The Spotlight on August 14, 1978. According to Marchetti, the memo said in essence, "Some day we will have to explain Hunt's presence in Dallas on November 22, 1963."[61] He also wrote that Hunt, Frank Sturgis, and Gerry Patrick Hemming would soon be implicated in a conspiracy to kill John F. Kennedy.

The second article, by Joseph J. Trento and Jacquie Powers, appeared six days later in the Sunday edition of The News Journal, Wilmington, Delaware.[62] It alleged that the purported memo was initialed by Richard Helms and James Angleton and showed that, shortly after Helms and Angleton were elevated to their highest positions in the CIA, they discussed the fact that Hunt had been in Dallas on the day of the assassination and that his presence there had to be kept secret. However, nobody has been able to produce this supposed memo, and the United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States determined that Hunt had been in Washington, D.C., on the day of the assassination.[63]

Hunt sued Liberty Lobby – but not the Sunday News Journal – for libel. Liberty Lobby stipulated, in this first trial, that the question of Hunt's alleged involvement in the assassination would not be contested.[64] Hunt prevailed and was awarded $650,000 damages. In 1983, however, the case was overturned on appeal because of error in jury instructions.[65] In a second trial, held in 1985, Mark Lane made an issue of Hunt's location on the day of the Kennedy assassination.[66] Lane successfully defended Liberty Lobby by producing evidence suggesting that Hunt had been in Dallas. He used depositions from David Atlee Phillips, Richard Helms, G. Gordon Liddy, Stansfield Turner, and Marita Lorenz, plus a cross-examination of Hunt. On retrial, the jury rendered a verdict for Liberty Lobby.[67] Lane claimed he convinced the jury that Hunt was a JFK assassination conspirator, but some of the jurors who were interviewed by the media said they disregarded the conspiracy theory and judged the case (according to the judge's jury instructions) on whether the article was published with "reckless disregard for the truth."[68] Lane outlined his theory about Hunt's and the CIA's role in Kennedy's murder in a 1991 book, Plausible Denial.[69]
Mitrokhin Archive
Main article: Mitrokhin Archive

Former KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin indicated in 1999 that Hunt was made part of a fabricated conspiracy theory disseminated by a Soviet "active measures" program designed to discredit the CIA and the United States.[70][71] According to Mitrokhin, the KGB created a forged letter from Oswald to Hunt implying that the two were linked as conspirators, then forwarded copies of it to "three of the most active conspiracy buffs" in 1975.[70] Mitrokhin indicated that the photocopies were accompanied by a fake cover letter from an anonymous source alleging that the original had been given to FBI Director Clarence M. Kelley and was apparently being suppressed.[70]
Kerry Thornley's Memoir

According to Kerry Thornley, who served with Oswald in the Marine Corps and wrote the biographical book The Idle Warriors about him before the assassination of the president (the manuscript was seized during the investigation and was kept as physical evidence for a long time),[72] Thornley regularly met with a man in New Orleans known to him as Gary Kirstein, with whom they discussed the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Also, according to Thornley, Kirstein in those years wanted to organize the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and planned to "frame a jailbird for it."[73] In "Confession to Conspiracy to Assassinate JFK by Kerry Thornley as told to Sondra London" he said that after Watergate, when photos of Howard Hunt appeared in the media, he found that he was very similar to his acquaintance Kirstein, along with whom they discussed organizing the assassination of the president.[74]
"Deathbed confession" of involvement in Kennedy assassination

After Hunt's death, Howard St. John Hunt and David Hunt stated that their father had recorded several claims about himself and others being involved in a conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy.[4][75] Notes and audio recordings were made. In the April 5, 2007, issue of Rolling Stone, St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father, including Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, David Atlee Phillips, Frank Sturgis, David Morales, Antonio Veciana, William Harvey, and an assassin he termed "French gunman grassy knoll" who many presume is Lucien Sarti.[4][76] The two sons alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs to avoid possible perjury charges.[75] According to Hunt's widow and other children, the two sons took advantage of Hunt's loss of lucidity by coaching and exploiting him for financial gain and furthermore falsified accounts of Hunt's supposed confession.[75] The Los Angeles Times said they examined the materials offered by the sons to support the story and found them to be "inconclusive".[75]
Memoir: American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate, and Beyond

Hunt's memoir, American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate, and Beyond,[77] was ghost-written by Greg Aunapu and published by John Wiley & Sons in March 2007.[78] According to the Hunt Literary Estate, Hunt had intended to write an update to his 1974 autobiography Undercover and supplement this edition with post-9/11 reflections, but by the time he had embarked on the project, he was too ill to continue. This prompted John Wiley & Sons to search for and hire a ghost writer to write the book in its entirety. According to St. John Hunt, it was he who suggested to his father the idea of a memoir to reveal what he knew about the Kennedy assassination, but the Hunt Literary Estate refutes this as scurrilous.[75]

The foreword to American Spy was written by William F. Buckley Jr.[79] According to Buckley, he was asked through an intermediary to write the introduction but declined after he found that the manuscript contained material "that suggested transgressions of the highest order, including a hint that LBJ might have had a hand in the plot to assassinate President Kennedy."[79] He stated that the work "was clearly ghostwritten", and eventually agreed to write an introduction focusing on his early friendship with Hunt after he received a revised manuscript "with the loony grassy-knoll bits chiseled out".[79]

Publishers Weekly called American Spy a "breezy, unrepentant memoir" and described it as a "nostalgic memoir [that] breaks scant new ground in an already crowded field".[80] Tim Rutten of the Los Angeles Times said it was "a bitter and self-pitying memoir" and "offers a rather standard account of how men of his generation became involved in intelligence work".[81] Referencing the book's title, Tim Weiner of The New York Times wrote: "American Spy is presented as a 'secret history,' a double-barreled misrepresentation. There are no real secrets in this book. As history it is bunk."[82] Weiner said that the author's examination of the Kennedy assassination was the low-point of the book, indicating that Hunt pretended to take various conspiracy theories, including the involvement of former President Johnson, seriously.[82] He concluded his review describing it as a work "in a long tradition of arrant nonsense" and "a book to shun".[82] Joseph C. Goulden of The Washington Times described it as a "true mess of a book" and dismissed Hunt's allegations against Johnson as "fantasy".[83] Goulden summarized his review: "I wish now that I had not read this pathetic book. Avoid it."[83]

Writing for The Christian Science Monitor, Daniel Schorr said "Hunt tells most of his Watergate venture fairly straight".[84] Contrasting this opinion, Politico's James Rosen described the chapters regarding Watergate as the "[m]ost problematic" and wrote: "There are numerous factual errors – misspelled names, wrong dates, phantom participants in meetings, fictitious orders given – and the authors never substantively address, only pause occasionally to demean, the vast scholarly literature that has arisen in the last two decades to explain the central mystery of Watergate."[85] Rosen's review was not entirely negative and he indicated that the book "succeeds in taking readers beyond the caricatures and conspiracy theories to preserve the valuable memory of Hunt as he really was: passionate patriot; committed Cold Warrior; a lover of fine food, wine and women; incurable intriguer, wicked wit and superb storyteller."[85] Dennis Lythgoe of Deseret News said "[t]he writing style is awkward and often embarrassing", but that "the book as a whole is a fascinating look into the mind of one of the major Watergate figures".[86] In National Review, Mark Riebling praised American Spy as "the only autobiography I know of that convincingly conveys what it was like to be an American spy."[87] The Boston Globe writer Martin Nolan called it "admirable and important" and said that Hunt "presents a livelier, tabloid version of the 1970s".[88] According to Nolan: "It is the best moment-by-moment depiction of the June 17, 1972, burglary of Democratic National Committee headquarters I have ever read."[88]
Personal life and death
Grave marker in Hamburg, NY

Hunt's first wife, Dorothy, was killed in the December 8, 1972, plane crash of United Airlines Flight 553 in Chicago. Congress, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the crash, and concluded that the crash was an accident caused by crew error.[89] Over $10,000 in cash was found in Dorothy Hunt's handbag in the wreckage.[90]

Hunt later married schoolteacher Laura Martin, with whom he raised two more children, Austin and Hollis. Following his release from prison, he and Laura moved to Guadalajara, Mexico, where they lived for five years. Afterwards they returned to the United States, where they settled in Miami, Florida.[91]

On January 23, 2007, he died of pneumonia in Miami.[1][92] He is buried in Prospect Lawn Cemetery in his hometown of Hamburg, New York.[93]
In the media

A fictionalized account of Hunt's role in the Bay of Pigs operation appears in Norman Mailer's 1991 novel Harlot's Ghost. Hunt was portrayed by Ed Harris in the 1995 biopic Nixon. In the 2019 film The Irishman, Hunt is portrayed by stage actor Daniel Jenkins. In the 2022 series Gaslit, Hunt is portrayed by J. C. MacKenzie.[94] Canadian journalist David Giammarco interviewed Hunt for the December 2000 issue of Cigar Aficionado magazine.[95] Hunt later wrote the foreword to Giammarco's book For Your Eyes Only: Behind the Scenes of the James Bond Films (ECW Press, 2002).

An episode of The X-Files, entitled Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man, depicted the shadowy intelligence operative played by William B. Davis as an unsuccessful author of mystery/suspense fiction in his spare time. When meeting Lee Harvey Oswald, prior to the JFK assassination, he goes by the alias 'Mr. Hunt.'[96]

In the 2023 HBO miniseries White House Plumbers, Hunt is played by Woody Harrelson.[97]
Books
Nonfiction

Give Us This Day: The Inside Story of the CIA and the Bay of Pigs Invasion, by One of Its Key Organizers. New Rochelle: Arlington House (1973).
Undercover: Memoirs of an American Secret Agent (1974). New York: Berkeley Publishing Corporation.
American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate, and Beyond (2007), with Greg Aunapu. Foreword by William F. Buckley, Jr. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.

Book contributions

Foreword to For Your Eyes Only: Behind the Scenes of the James Bond Films, by David Giammarco (2002)

Novels as Howard Hunt or E. Howard Hunt

East of Farewell (1942)
Limit of Darkness (1944)
Stranger in Town (1947)
Calculated Risk: A Play (as Howard Hunt) (1948)
Maelstrom (as Howard Hunt). (1948)
Bimini Run (1949)
The Violent Ones (1950)
The Berlin Ending: A Novel of Discovery (1973)
Hargrave Deception / E. Howard Hunt (1980)
Gaza Intercept / E. Howard Hunt (1981)
Cozumel / E. Howard Hunt (1985)
Kremlin Conspiracy / E. Howard Hunt (1985)
Guadalajara / E. Howard Hunt (1990)
Murder in State / E. Howard Hunt (1990)
Body Count / E. Howard Hunt (1992)
Chinese Red / by E. Howard Hunt (1992)
Mazatlán / E. Howard Hunt (1993) (lists former pseudonym P. S. Donoghue on cover)
Ixtapa / E. Howard Hunt (1994)
Islamorada / E. Howard Hunt (1995)
Paris Edge / E. Howard Hunt (1995)
Izmir / E. Howard Hunt (1996)
Dragon Teeth: A Novel / by E. Howard Hunt (1997)
Guilty Knowledge / E. Howard Hunt (1999)
Sonora / E. Howard Hunt (2000)

As Robert Dietrich

Cheat (1954)
One for the Road (1954)
Be My Victim (1956)
Murder on the rocks: an original novel (1957)
House on Q Street (1959)
Murder on Her Mind (1960)
End of a Stripper (1960)
Mistress to Murder (1960)
Calypso Caper (1961)
Angel Eyes (1961)
Curtains for a Lover (1962)
My Body (1962)

As P. S. Donoghue

Dublin Affair (1988)
Sarkov Confession: a novel (1989)
Evil Time (1992)

As David St. John

Festival for Spies
The Towers of Silence
Return from Vorkuta (1965)
The Venus Probe (1966)
On Hazardous Duty (1966)
One of Our Agents is Missing (1967)
Mongol Mask (1968)
Sorcerers (1969)
Diabolus (1971)
Coven (1972)

As Gordon Davis

I Came to Kill (1953)
House Dick (1961)
Counterfeit Kill (1963)
Ring Around Rosy (1964)
Where Murder Waits (1965)

As John Baxter

A Foreign Affair. New York: Avon (1954)
Unfaithful. New York: Avon (1955)

Notes

Szulc wrote: "As I mentioned above, Hunt spent August and September 1963 in Mexico City in charge of the CIA station there."[56]

Weberman and Canfield wrote: "According to former Times reporter Tad Szulc, Howard Hunt just happened to be CIA station chief in Mexico City in August–September 1963."

Further reading

Staff writer (May 20, 1974). "The Spy Whom Nixon Feared." People Weekly.

External links

E. Howard Hunt at IMDb
E. Howard Hunt collection in the Harold Weisberg Archive at Internet Archive
Everette Hunt records at FBI Records: The Vault
Interview with Slate
"Howard Hunt's Final Mission." Review of American Spy by James Rosen in The Politico (February 7, 2007)
"The Art and Arts of E. Howard Hunt." 1973 review by Gore Vidal in The New York Review of Books
"Literary Agent." Review essay by Rachel Donadio in the New York Times Sunday Book Review (February 18, 2007)
Obituary and bibliography of Hunt's novels
Deposition for the House Select Committee on Assassinations (1978). Released in 1996.

Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
Categories:

1918 births2007 deaths20th-century American male writers20th-century American novelistsAmerican male novelistsAmerican people convicted of burglaryAmerican spiesAmerican spy fiction writersBrown University alumniCold War spiesFlorida RepublicansMembers of the Committee for the Re-Election of the PresidentMilitary personnel from New York (state)People associated with the assassination of John F. KennedyPeople convicted in the Watergate scandalPeople from Hamburg, New YorkPeople of the Central Intelligence AgencyPeople of the Office of Strategic ServicesUnited States Army Air Forces personnel of World War IIUnited States Army Air Forces soldiersWatergate SevenWorld War II spies for the United StatesWriters from Buffalo, New York

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"ON COMPANY BUSINESS (PART I) " is an extensive and unflinching examination of the Central Intelligence Agency. Allan Francovich's award-winning documentary, crafted over five years of meticulous research, provides a comprehensive overview of the CIA's operations. Delving into the highest echelons of policy-making, front organizations, field operations, and their impact, this film paints a disturbing yet revealing picture of the agency's actions worldwide.

Spanning three hours, the documentary eschews a narrative voice, letting archival footage, interviews, and firsthand accounts speak volumes. Former CIA personnel, including directors and whistleblowers, offer insights into the agency's workings, alongside voices of individuals directly affected by CIA operations.

In its initial part, the film explores the agency's inception, showcasing government officials' manipulations, deceit, and armed interventions in countries like Guatemala and Cuba. It unearths assassination plots against political leaders and illuminates the controversial collaboration between the CIA and the Mafia.

Released in December 1983, this groundbreaking documentary challenges viewers with its dense information and poignant portrayal of the consequences of covert operations. It stands as a powerful testament to the complexities and repercussions of CIA actions, prompting reflection and examination of its role in global affairs.

Salvatore Mooney Giancana[1] (/dʒiɑːnˈkɑːnə/; born Gilormo Giangana;[nb 1] Italian: [dʒiˈlɔrmo dʒaŋˈɡaːna]; May 24, 1908[nb 2] – June 19, 1975) was an American mobster who was boss of the Chicago Outfit from 1957 to 1966.

Giancana was born in Chicago to Italian immigrant parents. He joined the 42 Gang as a teenager, developing a reputation in organized crime, which gained him the notice of the leaders of the Chicago Outfit, which he joined during the late 1930s. From the 1940s through the 1950s, he controlled illegal gambling, illegal liquor distribution, and political rackets in Louisiana. In the early 1940s, Giancana was involved in Chicago's African-American lottery payout system for the Outfit. In 1957, he became the boss of the Chicago Outfit.

According to some sources, Giancana and the Mafia were involved in John F. Kennedy's victory in the 1960 presidential election. During the 1960s, he was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in a plot to assassinate Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Conspiracy theorists consider Giancana, along with Mafia leaders Santo Trafficante Jr. and Carlos Marcello, to be associated with the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In 1965, Giancana was convicted of contempt of court, serving one year in prison. After his release from prison, Giancana fled to Cuernavaca, Mexico. In 1974, he was deported to the United States, returning to Chicago. Giancana was murdered on June 19, 1975, in Oak Park, Illinois, shortly before he was scheduled to appear before the Church Committee.
Early life

Giancana was born Gilormo Giangana[nb 1] on May 24, 1908,[nb 2] in The Patch neighborhood of Chicago to Antonio Giangana and Antonia DeSimmona,[nb 3] Italian immigrants from Castelvetrano, Sicily, Italy. His father immigrated in 1905, while his mother immigrated in 1906;[7] he had seven siblings.[2] Antonia died in 1910 and his father married Mary Leonardi.[8] On September 23, 1933, Giancana married Angeline DeTolve, the daughter of immigrants from the Italian region of Basilicata. They had three daughters: Antoinette, born 1935; Bonnie, born 1938; and Francine, born 1945.[2] Angeline died on April 23, 1954, leaving him to raise his daughters.[9][2]
Criminal career

Giancana joined the 42 Gang, a juvenile street crew working for political boss Joseph Esposito. The 42 Gang's name was a reference to Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves. They thought they were one better, hence 42. Giancana soon developed a reputation as an excellent getaway driver, a high earner, and a vicious killer. After Esposito's murder, in which Giancana was allegedly involved, the 42 Gang was transformed into a de facto extension of the Chicago Outfit with leaders such as Frank "the Enforcer" Nitti, Paul "the Waiter" Ricca, and Tony "Joe Batters" Accardo. He was first arrested in 1925 for auto theft. He soon graduated to "triggerman" and by the age of 20 had been the prime subject of three murder investigations but never tried for any of them.[10] In 1929, Giancana was convicted of burglary and larceny, and sentenced to one to five years in the Joliet Correctional Center. He was released in 1932 after serving three years and nine months.[11]

During the late 1930s, Giancana became the first 42er to join the Chicago Outfit. From the early 1940s through the 1950s, he controlled most illegal gambling, liquor distribution, and other political rackets in Louisiana through longtime friend H. A. (Hol) Killian. Killian controlled the majority of the liquor license issuance by his associations with longtime New Orleans business associate Carlos Marcello.[citation needed] In 1939, Giancana was convicted of bootlegging and sentenced to four years in Leavenworth Prison and Terre Haute Federal Correctional Complex.[11]
Rise to power

After his release from prison in 1942, Giancana made a name for himself by convincing Accardo, then the Outfit's underboss, to stage a takeover of Chicago's African-American "policy" (lottery) payout system for the Outfit. Giancana's crew is believed to have convinced Eddie Jones to quit his racket and leave the country. Giancana's crew was also responsible for the August 4, 1952 murder of African-American gambling boss Theodore Roe. Jones and Roe were major South Side gambling bosses. Roe had refused to surrender control of his operation as the Outfit had demanded, and on June 19, 1951, Roe fatally shot Leonard "Fat Lennie" Caifano, a made man of Giancana's crew.[12]

The Outfit's South Side "policy"-game takeover was not complete until another Outfit member, Jackie "the Lackey" Cerone, scared "Big Jim" Martin to Mexico with two bullets to the head that did not kill him. When the lottery money started rolling in for the Outfit after this gambling war, the amount this game produced for the Outfit was in the millions of dollars a year, bringing Giancana further notice. It is believed to have been a major factor in his being "anointed" as the Outfit's new boss in 1957. Accardo joined Ricca in semi-retirement, becoming the Outfit's consigliere.[13] However, it was generally understood that Accardo and Ricca still had the real power. Giancana was required to consult Accardo and Ricca on all important Outfit affairs.

Giancana was present at the Mafia's 1957 Apalachin meeting at the Upstate New York estate of Joseph Barbara.[14] Later, Buffalo crime boss Stefano Magaddino and Giancana were overheard on a wiretap saying the meeting should have occurred in the Chicago area. Giancana claimed that the Chicago area was "the safest place in the world" for a major underworld meeting because he had several police chiefs on his payroll. If the syndicate ever wanted to hold a meeting in or around Chicago, Giancana said, they had nothing to fear because they had the area "locked up tight".[15]

Some journalists claimed that Giancana and his Chicago crime syndicate "played a role" in John F. Kennedy's victory in the 1960 presidential election.[16][17]

Hyman Larner was an associate of Giancana's who helped expand the Outfit's gambling and smuggling operations to Panama and Iran,[18] moving the Miami operation's headquarters to Panama where money laundering was more easily facilitated by local banks. These operations were conducted as a partnership between the Mafia and the CIA. By 1966, this partnership had developed into arms smuggling to the Middle East for the Israeli Mossad, all via Panama.[19] Richard Cain, a corrupt police officer, also made "frequent trips" to and from Mexico as Giancana's courier and financial adviser.[20]

Alleged CIA connections
It is widely reputed and was partially corroborated by the Church Committee hearings that during the Kennedy administration, the CIA recruited Giancana and other mobsters to assassinate Fidel Castro. Giancana reportedly said that CIA and the Cosa Nostra were "different sides of the same coin".[21]

Judith Exner claimed to be the mistress of both Giancana and JFK, and that she delivered communications between them about Castro.[22] Giancana's daughter Antoinette has stated that her father was performing a scam to pocket millions of CIA dollars.[23]

Documents released in 1997 revealed that some Mafiosi worked with CIA on assassination attempts against Castro.[24] CIA documents released in 2007 confirmed that in September 1960, the CIA recruited ex-FBI agent Robert Maheu to meet with the West Coast representative of the Chicago mob, Johnny Roselli. When Maheu contacted Roselli, Maheu hid that he was sent by the CIA, instead portraying himself as an advocate for international corporations. He offered $150,000 to have Castro killed, but Roselli refused any pay. Roselli introduced Maheu to two men he called Sam Gold and Joe. "Sam Gold" was Giancana; "Joe" was Santo Trafficante Jr., the Tampa syndicate boss and one of the most powerful mobsters in prerevolution Cuba.[25] Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post explained: "After Fidel Castro led a revolution that toppled the government of Fulgencio Batista in 1959, CIA was desperate to eliminate Castro. So, the agency sought out a partner equally worried about Castro—the Mafia, which had lucrative investments in Cuban casinos."[26]

According to the declassified CIA "Family Jewels" documents, Giancana and Trafficante were contacted in September 1960 about the possibility of an assassination attempt by Maheu after Maheu had contacted Roselli, a Mafia member in Las Vegas and Giancana's number-two man. Maheu had presented himself as a representative of numerous international businesses in Cuba that Castro was expropriating. He offered $150,000 for the "removal" of Castro through this operation, though the documents suggest that neither Roselli, Giancana, nor Trafficante accepted any payment for the job. Giancana suggested using poison pills to dose Castro's food and drink. CIA gave these pills to Giancana's nominee, Juan Orta, whom Giancana presented as a corrupt official in the new Cuban government and who had access to Castro. After six attempts to introduce the poison into Castro's food, Orta abruptly demanded to be relieved of his role in the mission, giving the job to another, unnamed participant. Later, Giancana and Trafficante made a second attempt using Anthony Verona, the commander of the Cuban Exile Junta, who had, according to Trafficante, become "disaffected with the apparent ineffectual progress of the Junta." Verona requested $10,000 in expenses and $1,000 worth of communications equipment. How much work was performed for the second attempt is unknown, as the program was canceled soon after due to the Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961.[27][28][29]

According to the "Family Jewels", Giancana asked Maheu to wire the room of his then mistress Phyllis McGuire, singer of the McGuire Sisters, whom he suspected of having an affair with comedian Dan Rowan. Although documents suggest Maheu acquiesced, the device was not planted because the agent who had been given the task of planting it was arrested. According to the documents, Robert F. Kennedy prohibited the prosecution of the agent and Maheu, who was soon linked to the wire attempt, at the CIA's request.[29] Giancana and McGuire, who had a long-lasting affair, were originally introduced by Frank Sinatra.[30] According to Antoinette Giancana, during part of the affair, McGuire had a concurrent affair with President Kennedy.[31]

Downfall
When Giancana was called before a grand jury on June 1, 1965, he remained silent despite having been granted immunity, which resulted in his jailing for contempt for more than a year, the duration of the grand jury.[32] Meanwhile, Giancana was deposed as operational boss by Ricca and Accardo, and replaced by Joseph "Joey Doves" Aiuppa.[33]

After his release from prison in 1966, Giancana fled to Cuernavaca, Mexico, to avoid further grand jury questioning.[34][35] He was arrested by Mexican authorities on July 19, 1974, and deported to the United States.[34][35] He arrived back in Chicago on July 21, 1974.[36]

Death
Giancana mausoleum at Mount Carmel Cemetery
After Giancana's return to the United States, police detailed officers to guard his house in Oak Park, Illinois, but on the night of June 19, 1975, shortly before he was scheduled to appear before the Church Committee,[37] which was investigating CIA and Cosa Nostra collusion,[38] a gunman entered the home through the basement and shot Giancana in the head and neck seven times with a .22 caliber pistol. At around 11 p.m., Joseph DiPersio, Giancana's caretaker, found his body on the floor of the basement kitchen where he was said to be frying sausage and peppers.[39][40] A week before his death, Giancana had gall bladder surgery in Houston.[39] Giancana was interred next to his wife, Angeline, in a family mausoleum at Mount Carmel Cemetery, in Hillside, Illinois.

Within days of Giancana's murder, Michael J. Corbitt, the police chief of Willow Springs, Illinois, and a mobster associate, was told by Chicago Outfit's capo Salvatore Bastone that "Sam sure loved that little guy in Oak Park... Tony Spilotro. Yeah, he was fuckin' crazy about him. Sam put Tony on the fuckin' map, thought he was gonna be a big fuckin' man someday. Did you know that after Marshall Caifano got out of Vegas, it was Sam who wanted Tony Spilotro out there? Even lately, with all the problems with the skim and all, Sam always stood behind the guy. Tony was over to Sam's house all the time. He lived right by there. Did you know Tony even figured out a way where he could get in through the back of Sam's place without anybody seeing him? He'd go through other people's yards, go over fences, all sorts of shit."[41] When Corbitt asked for the reason for the murder, Bastone quipped, "There's never just one reason for shit like what happened to Sam. There's a million of 'em. Let's just say that Sam should've remembered what happened to Bugsy Siegel."[41]

Other theories
Although longtime associate Dominic "Butch" Blasi was with Giancana the night he was murdered and questioned by police as a suspect, neither the FBI nor Antoinette Giancana considers him Giancana's killer.[42][43] Hitman Nicholas Calabrese told the FBI during the 2000s that he knew that Tony Accardo was part of the killing and Angelo LaPietra got rid of the gun which used a suppressor made by Frank Calabrese Sr. and Ronnie Jarret.[44]

Another theory is that Santo Trafficante Jr. ordered Giancana's murder due to fears he would testify about the Mafia's involvement in CIA plots to kill Castro. Although Trafficante would have needed permission from Outfit bosses Accardo and Joseph Aiuppa, Giancana's murder coincided with the discovery of the decomposing remains of Johnny Roselli in an oil drum floating off Miami; he had been shot and chopped up before being dumped in the sea. Some suspected that Roselli was killed on Trafficante's orders.[45]

There were rumors that the CIA may have killed Giancana because of his links to the Agency.[citation needed]. Former CIA Director William Colby said, "We had nothing to do with it."[46] John Whitten mentioned during the Scelso deposition that he suspected William Harvey, a CIA assassin who was in the area.

In popular culture - Movies:
Giancana played a major role in the J. X. Williams movie Peep Show (1965).
The TV film Mafia Princess (1986) starring Tony Curtis as Giancana.
News footage of Giancana is featured in the movie JFK (1991).
Carmine Caridi played Giancana in the movie Ruby (1992).
The HBO made-for-TV movie Sugartime (1995) depicts Giancana's relationship with singer Phyllis McGuire with Giancana played by John Turturro.
Robert Miranda played Giancana in the television movie The Rat Pack (1998).
Peter Friedman played Giancana in the movie Power and Beauty (2002).
In the movie The Good Shepherd (2006), the character played by Joe Pesci, Joseph Palmi, was a mix of several mobsters, including Giancana, Santo Trafficante Jr., and Carlos Marcello, who were involved with the CIA's operation Family Jewels. Matt Damon's character, Edward Wilson, is depicted proposing that Palmi assist in assassinating Castro.
Al Linea plays Giancana in the movie The Irishman (2019).

Television:
Giancana features in the first episode of the documentary series Mafia's Greatest Hits, on the UK history TV channel Yesterday.[47]
Rod Steiger portrayed Giancana in the TV miniseries Sinatra (1992).
Serge Houde portrays Giancana as a major nemesis of the Kennedy family in the television miniseries The Kennedys (2011).
The character Mob Man (uncredited) from The X-Files episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man", who is present at a planning meeting on the assassination of JFK, is likely based on Giancana.
Giancana is portrayed by Emmett Skilton in the 8-part AMC television miniseries The Making of the Mob: Chicago (2016).
Giancana's image is included in the opening credits of the Starz TV series Magic City (2012–13).
Giancana is seen and referenced at a Las Vegas casino in the TV series Timeless in the episode Atomic City (2016).

Literature:
Giancana is a major character in Max Allan Collins's novels Chicago Confidential and Road to Paradise.
Giancana plays a major role in James Ellroy's fiction, most notably American Tabloid and its sequels The Cold Six Thousand and Blood's a Rover.
Giancana is the subject of the biography Mafia Princess, written by his daughter Antoinette.
Giancana is a character in Robert J. Randisi's Rat Pack novels.[citation needed]
Giancana is a notable character in Norman Mailer's 1991 historical fiction Harlot's Ghost.
The book Double Cross: The Explosive, Inside Story of the Mobster Who Controlled America tells the story of Giancana's life. Written by his brother Chuck Giancana, and his godson and namesake Sam Giancana, the book includes revelations about the deaths of JFK, Marilyn Monroe, and RFK.[48]
Giancana is mentioned in Charles Brandt's narrative nonfiction book I Heard You Paint Houses (2004).
The fictional character Louie Russo in Mark Winegardner's 2004 novel The Godfather Returns may be based on Giancana.
Giancana is a character in Robert Littell's 2002 CIA novel The Company.
The fictional character "Sam" in Steve Peters and Kay Stephens's novel The Outlaw Sandra Love (2013)[49] is based on Giancana.[citation needed]
In the 2013 novel The Outlaw, the protagonist Sandra Love is said to have had a four-year relationship with a man named Sam, the head of the Chicago Outfit during the early 1960s.

Music:
Influential rapper Kool G Rap once stated that the "G" in his name stands for Giancana. Kool G Rap released an album called The Giancana Story (2002).
Giancana may be mentioned in the Shyne song "Edge", on his second album, Godfather Buried Alive. "Fuck comma rap's, Sam Giancana", although this is sometimes rendered as "same G and canna".
Giancana is mentioned in the song "Dope money" by The Lox ("Bring Drama 'cause Giancana got Kennedy Killed") on the album Ryde or Die Vol. 1.

See also:
List of organized crime killings in Illinois
List of unsolved murders

Notes:
Gilormo Giangana is the birth name according to the Chicago Bureau of Vital Statistics, Birth Certificate Number 5915,[2][3] however, Momo Salvatore Giancana (Italian: [ˈmɔːmo salvaˈtoːre dʒaŋˈkaːna]) is the birth name according to Birth Register Certificate Number 1191.[2]
May 24, 1908, is the birth date according to the Chicago Bureau of Vital Statistics, Birth Certificate Number 5915,[4] however, June 15, 1908, is the birth date according to Birth Register Certificate Number 1191, and the birth date Giancana celebrated.[5][2]

Antonino Giangana and Antonia DiSimonna are the names according to the Chicago Bureau of Vital Statistics, Birth Certificate Number 5915,[2][6] however, Antonio Giancana and Antonia DiSimone, are the names according to Birth Register Certificate Number 1191.[2]

References:
Giancana, Sam; Giancana, Chuck; Giancana, Bettina (March 20, 1992). Double Cross: The Explosive, Inside Story of the Mobster Who Controlled America. p. 242. ISBN 9780446516242. "We want name our son after you... Samuel Mooney Giancana."
"Sam Giancana" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 12, 1960. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. p. 30. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. p. 30. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. p. 30. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
"Sam Giancana on Biography.com". biography.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
Congress, United States (1960). Reports and Documents, Volume 27. p. 816. Retrieved June 15, 2020 – via Google Books. "Investigator Salinger testified to Giancana's criminal record: In 1929 he was convicted of burglary-larceny, and sentenced to 1 to 5 years in the Joliet Penitentiary. In 1939, he was convicted of conspiracy to violate the Internal Revenue laws related to liquor and was sentenced to 4 years and fined $2,700. He served, of that 4-year-sentence, 3 years and 2 months in Leavenworth and Terre Haute Federal Penitentiaries."
Chepesiuk, Ron (2007). Black Gangsters of Chicago. Barricade Books. p. 95. ISBN 9781569803318.
Roemer, William F. Jr. (1995). Accardo: The Genuine Godfather. D.I. Fine. pp. 125–129. ISBN 978-1-55611-467-0.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. pp. 190–195–197. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
Sifakis, Carl (1987). The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York City: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-1856-1. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Greenberg, David (October 16, 2000). "Was Nixon Robbed?". Slate. Archived from the original on September 8, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
"Sinatra was 'go-between for Mafia and JFK'". The Guardian. October 7, 2000. Archived from the original on April 15, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Gibson, Ray (February 18, 2003). "'Double' life: Dealing with the mob, CIA". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
Giancana 2004, pp. 113–115
"Cain played mob game and lost big". Chicago Tribune. December 21, 1973. pp. 1–8.
Giancana, Sam; Giancana, Chuck; Giancana, Bettina (March 20, 1992). Double Cross: The Explosive, Inside Story of the Mobster Who Controlled America. p. 215. ISBN 9780446516242.
O'Brien, Michael (December 1, 1999). "The Exner File. (Judith Campbell Exner, John F. Kennedy's mistress)". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Television documentary Mafia Women, Discovery Channel:
"CIA offered mafia $150,000 to kill Castro". 1997. Retrieved June 15, 2020. "The CIA offered $150,000 to have Cuban leader Fidel Castro assassinated in the early 1960s, but the mob insisted on taking the job for free, according to a newly declassified document."
"MEMORANDUM FOR: Director of Central Intelligence; SUBJECT: ROSELLI, Johnny" (PDF). The New York Times. June 26, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2020. "he agreed to introduce him a friend, Sam Gold, who knew the "Cuban crowd". Roselli made it clear he did not want any money for his part and believed Sam would feel the same way. Neither of these individuals was ever paid out of Augency funds. During the week of September 25, Maheu was introduced to Sam who was staying at the Fontainebleau Hotel, Miami Beach. It was several weeks after his meeting with Sam and Joe, [...] They were identified as Momo Salvatore Giancana and Santos Trafficant, respectively."
Kessler, Glenn (June 27, 2007). "Trying to Kill Fidel Castro". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on October 28, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
Holland, Steve; Sullivan, Andy (June 26, 2007). "CIA tried to get Mafia to kill Castro". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Blanton, Thomas (June 26, 2007). ""Family Jewels" Archive". National Security Archive. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Johnson, M. Alex (June 27, 2006). "CIA opens the book on a shady past Declassified 'family jewels' detail assassination plots, break-ins, wiretaps". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. pp. 259–284, 287–293, 347–348. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. p. 179. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
"In Re Grand Jury Investigation of Sam Giancana, Appellant.in the Matter of the Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Sam Giancana, Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee, 352 F.2d 921 (7th Cir. 1965)". US Law, Case Law, Codes, Statutes & Regulations. October 8, 1965. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2020. "Sam Giancana has appealed, in case No. 15178, from an order of the district court entered June 1, 1965, adjudging him in contempt of court for failure to obey an order of that court dated June 1, 1965, and he has also appealed, in case No. 15179, from an order of that court entered June 2, 1965, denying his petition for a writ of habeas corpus."
Sifakis, Carl (2005). The Mafia Encyclopedia. Infobase Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8160-6989-7.
"Crime boss' death linked to his discomfiture to mob". The Spokesman-Review. Vol. 93, no. 38. Spokane, Washington. June 21, 1975. p. 16. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2015. "After his release from prison, Giancana stepped down and left Chicago's mob in the hands of his former boss, Accardo, himself going into self-imposed exile in Cuernavaca, Mexico to avoid more grand jury questioning. [...] In July 19, 1974, Mexican police ended his fling, grabbing the pajamlad Giancana while he tended his tomatoes plants They dumped across the orders of the FBI agents (LAT-WP)"
Glionna, John M. (November 21, 2014). "Sam Giancana's daughter aims to cash in on gangster's memorabilia". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014. "Giancana lived most of his final years in Mexico, on the lam from federal authorities, but was deported back to the U.S. in 1974."
Michael Branigan (2011). A History of Chicago's O'Hare Airport. The History Press. pp. 134. ISBN 978-1-60949-434-6. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Cronkite, Walter; Lovejoy, Sharron; Schorr, Daniel (June 20, 1975). "GIANCANA KILLED". CBS News.
Safire, William (December 31, 1975). "Murder Most Foul". The Times-News. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
King, Seth S. (June 21, 1975). "Giancana, Gangster, Slain; Tied to C.I.A. Castro Plot". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2020. "According to the Oak Park police, Joseph DiPersio, the caretaker, [...] went to the basement, he found the gangster lying face up in a pool of blood on the floor of the kitchen. Six .22‐caliber shell cases were found near the body. [...] Recently he underwent gall bladder surgery at the Methodist Hospital in Houston. The authorities said that he returned to Chicago only this week."
Goudie, Chuck (June 20, 2015). "ABC7 I-Team: Chicago mobster Sam Giancana's 40-year-old murder still a mystery". abc7chicago.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2020. "On June 19, 1975, Giancana invited a friend in his home for sausage and peppers. Before the meat was done, that man would become Giancana's killer. The 67-year-old top hoodlum was shot in the head and neck as he fried up the evening snack, seven shots fired from a silencer-equipped .22 caliber pistol."
Corbitt, Michael J. (2003). Double Deal: The Inside Story of Murder, Unbridled Corruption, and the Cop who was a Mobster. p. 196. ISBN 9780060195854. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. p. 367. ISBN 0-380-69849-8.
Congress 1983, p. 182

Family Secrets: The Case That Crippled the Chicago Mob:
C., G. (August 23, 1976). "Deep Six for Johnny" (PDF). Time. pp. 23–25. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2018. "Alameda Fratianno was Roselli's protégé because Roselli introduced Fratianno to the NY mob, and so Roselli was responsible for Fratianno's actions and because Fratianno was an informant, Roselli's death could have been a consequence of Fratianno's informing."
Godwin, John (1978). Murder U.S.A.: The Ways We Kill Each Other. Ballantine Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-345-27721-3.
"Mafia's Greatest Hits (series 1)". televisioncatchup.co.uk. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
Giancana, Sam; Giancana, Chuck; Giancana, Bettina (March 20, 1992). Double Cross: The Explosive, Inside Story of the Mobster Who Controlled America. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 9780446516242. Retrieved March 17, 2020.

Peters, Steve (2013). The Outlaw Sandra Love. Star Hill Publishing. ISBN 9780615760315. Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2020.

Further reading:
Giancana, Sam; Giancana, Chuck; Giancana, Bettina (March 20, 1992). Double Cross: The Explosive, Inside Story of the Mobster Who Controlled America. ISBN 9780446516242. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Giancana, Antoinette; Renner, Thomas C. (1984). Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana's Family. Morrow. ISBN 0-380-69849-8. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Godwin, John (1978). Murder U.S.A.: The Ways We Kill Each Other. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-27721-3. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Roemer, William F. Jr. (1995). Accardo: The Genuine Godfather. D.I. Fine. ISBN 978-1-55611-467-0. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Organized Crime in Chicago: Hearing Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, March 4, 1983. U.S. Government Printing Office. March 4, 1983. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Brashler, William (1977). The Don: The Life and Death of Sam Giancana. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-010447-3.
Cain, Michael J. (2007). The Tangled Web. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-044-7.
Dark, Tony (2004). The FBI Files Sam Giancana. Chicago: H H Productions. ISBN 0-615-12720-7.
Hersh, Seymour M. (1997). Dark Side of Camelot. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-35955-6.
Inserra, Vincent L. (2014). C-1 and the Chicago Mob. Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4931-8278-7.[self-published source]
Morgan, John M. (1985). Prince of Crime. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-8297-0.
Nash, Jay Robert (1973). Bloodletters and Badmen. New York: M. Evans & Co. ISBN 0-87131-777-X.
Sifakis, Carl (1982). Encyclopedia of Crime. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3.
Talbot, David (2007). Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-6918-6.
Thompson, Nathan (2003). Kings: The True Story of Chicago's Policy Kings and Numbers Racketeers: an Informal History. The Bronzeville Press. ISBN 0-9724875-0-6.
Zion, Sidney (1994). Loyalty and Betrayal: The Story of the American Mob. San Francisco: Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-00-638271-1.

VIDEO SOURCE:
Source: https://rumble.com/v3y1xyp-exposing-the-cia-inside-covert-operations-and-government-deceit-part-1.html?e9s=rel_v1_b

22:07

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Blames CIA For President Kennedy Assassination

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19:58

THE CIA IS A TERRORIST ORGANISATION - FOUNDED BY THE NAZI SS >> GEORGE BUSH SHERFF

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19:59

THE CIA IS A TERRORIST ORGANISATION - FOUNDED BY THE NAZI SS >> GEORGE BUSH SHERFF

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31:39

? THE HISTORY OF THE CIA ? Italy 1948 - How to Steal an Election [pt. 5.1]

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15:06

GOOGLE‘s HIDDEN C.I.A CONNECTION - from the Birth of the CIA to DARPA

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00:17

FAKE BIDEN FALLS AGAIN ( ACTOR JAMES WOODS )

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WHITE HAT COLLEGE / MAFIA / MILITARY HUMOR .

Getting caught in ??

02.05.23 EarthQuakes Black Forest Region ongoing

09.07.22 MASSIVE CLEANOUT
—->>>
https://t.me/DUMBSandUnderground/36026

STUTTGART = MAIN HUB IN EUROPE - ALMOST ALL TUNNELS ARE CROSSING THERE

REGION BLACK FOREST, HUMAN HUNTING PARTIES Exposed: The Rothschild Human Hunting Lodge
—>>>
https://t.me/DUMBSandUnderground/35994

MAIN ROUTES as already reported
—>>>
https://t.me/DUMBSandUnderground/25064

The connection Hamburg - Berlin -Stuttgart is one of the most known:
"German Bermuda triangle"

HUGE CONTRUCTION PROJECTS:

>by water: Hamburg - Elbe Philharmonic Hall
>by air: Berlin Airport BER
>by land: Stuttgart21

Search in this channel for: STUTTGART, ADRENOCHROME, BLACK FOREST, HUNTING PARTIES, HITLER, REPTOS, DRACOS, CLONES etc

?SCHWARZWALD - BLACK FOREST

YOU WILL NEVER LOOK AT BLACK FOREST HAM THE SAME AGAIN ? #DDK #FaryTales are real
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in
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Wagner fighters taken a huge warehouse of weapons and ammunition at Soledar salt mine

NATO SENDS, RUSSIA TAKES

Deep underground in a Soviet warehouse created in the 1960s, it includes 28 tunnels with ammunition and weapons, and an autonomous repair base. 300,000 boxes of Soviet weapons, and a number of Western weapons were recovered

⚔ ?? FORWARD RUSSIA ?? ⚔
DENAZIFICATION IS THE ONLY WAY

@deNAZIficationMilitaryQperationZ

topic connected with
@DUMBSandUNDERGROUND

https://rumble.com/v2lsc0u-wagner-fighters-taken-a-huge-warehouse-of-weapons-and-ammunition-at-soledar.html

RESTORED REPUBLIC

https://rumble.com/v2o2m2s-restored-republic-via-a-gcr-update-as-of-may-16-2023.html

DJT's EXECUTIVE ORDERS

13818

● Confiscated private and corporate assets

● Seized the NYSE

● Blocking the property of those involved in serious human rights abuses or corruption.

human trafficking

13848

● 13848 imposes certain sanctions in the event of foreign interference in any of the United States

choice

13959

● Maintain American leadership in artificial intelligence

Khazarian assets confiscated

● Among the top 3 executive orders - many DS assets were confiscated and DS Agents reversed

○ 13818, 13848 and 13959

● The Space Force has EVERYTHING under control!

● DS money will be used up quickly

● All DS gold has already been confiscated (Vatican etc.)

● Wall Street, Washington DC, Vatican and City of London - all dead

● OPERATION: DEFEND EUROPE. This started March 17th 2020 and takes over the Vatican, it's the mafia and it's seizing all the Rothschilds central banks

● Brexit has severed the Vatican's ropes and stripped the Royals of all assets

● We're going to Tesla and metals instead of oil and gas

GESARA – Global Economic Security and Reform Act

● It should be implemented on 10/11/2001. Stopped by the Khazarian false flag event on 9/11

● Elimination of the national debt of all nations of the world

● No taxes. Only a fixed sales tax of around 15% on new goods

● Waiving of mortgages and other bank departments due to illegal government activities

● Back to constitutional law - get rid of the corrupt law of the sea

● Newly elected leaders - only 10% of current governments

● World peace for 1,000 years

● Eliminate all current and future nuclear weapons on planet earth

● Gold Standard!

● Introduction of new hidden technologies - 6,000 Tesla patents. free energy

● Build and rebuild in all countries at 1950s prices

● The power back to We The People. Global distribution of wealth

● Odin project = World EBS (Emergency Broadcast System)

https://t.me/EXPOSEthePEDOSendOfTheCABAL/27808

@ExposeThePEDOSendOfTheCABAL

Experimental Universal mRNA ‘Flu’ Vaccine Begins Trial

The vaccine - known as H1ssF-3928 mRNA-LNP - will be tested by the NIH on 50 volunteers aged 18 through 49, with different doses of the shot, respectively.

“A universal influenza vaccine would be a major public health achievement and could eliminate the need for both annual development of seasonal influenza vaccines, as well as the need for patients to get a flu shot each year,” said Acting NIAID Director Hugh Auchincloss, M.D.

Covid 2023: The Rebranding...

Full Article: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/clinical-trial-mrna-universal-influenza-vaccine-candidate-begins

@ResistorNewswire

EVIDENCE : DEEP STATE WARFARE

https://rumble.com/v2lukpi-the-deep-state-war-series-episode-one-infiltration-from-within-part-1-intro.html

ADRENOCHROME EVIDENCE / VIDEO SHORTS :

Peter Nygard is talking about Adrenochrome - They murdered children to keep young

HOW SHELL COMPANIES PROTECT BIG PHARMA

https://rumble.com/v2nflma-nuremberg-them-all-war-for-your-mind-episode-289-with-honestwalterwhite.html

TR3B video

https://youtu.be/hjgTSvGQvOg

4 months ago
? CIA - THE BLACK AWAKENING & JAB BIOWEAPON NWO AGENDA (DARPA, CRISPR) -->> https://rumble.com/v1oaej9-the-black-awakening-and-jab-bioweapon-nwo-agenda.html - ?Secrets of the (Cabal)? ??CIA EXPOSED?? Full Documentary -->> https://rumble.com/v1kl5nh-secrets-of-the-cabal-cia-full-documentary.html - ? Ghislaine Maxwell Deep State Connections - CIA - MOSSAD - DARPA and EPSTEIN HONEY POT OPERATIONS --->>> https://rumble.com/v1jut7p-ghislaine-maxwell-deep-state-connections-cia-mossad-darpa-and-epstein-honey.html - ? A Thousand Pieces - Exposing the top down corruption within the CIA & FBI -->> https://rumble.com/v1w5cbe--a-thousand-pieces-exposing-the-top-down-corruption-within-the-cia-and-fbi.html - ? Cia program Exposed -->> https://rumble.com/v1mphos-cia-program.html - ? COCAINE IMPORTING AGENCY (CIA) - The Enterprise CABAL CIA & COCAINE - HOW THE CABAL CIA SPARKED THE CRACK EPIDEMIC -->> https://rumble.com/v1iy211-cabal-cia-and-cocaine.html - ? GOOGLE‘s HIDDEN C.I.A CONNECTION -->> https://rumble.com/v1iymv1-googles-hidden-c.i.a-connection.html - ENJOY THE SHOW ｜ ? CIA DIRECTOR'S CUT -->> https://rumble.com/v1xfkpg-enjoy-the-show-directors-cut.html - ? PARANORMAL PROOF and the CIA - with URI GELLER -->> https://rumble.com/v1qce1v-paranormal-proof-and-the-cia-with-uri-geller.html - ? MORE PROOF THE CIA TRIED TO USE SUBLIMINALS TO BRAINWASH AMERICA -->> https://rumble.com/v1otv1t-more-proof-the-cia-tried-to-use-subliminals-to-brainwash-america.html - ? THE BUSH (SCHERFF) NAZI SS CRIME FAMILY - THREE GENERATIONS OF TREASON and HIGH CRIMES ---->>> https://rumble.com/v1lfcpb--the-bush-crime-family-three-generations-of-treason.html - ? BUSH & SKULL & BONES EXPOSED -->> https://rumble.com/v1lfc15--bush-and-skull-and-bones-exposed-.html - CABAL CIA & COCAINE --->>>> https://rumble.com/v1iy211-cabal-cia-and-cocaine.html - Mission accomplished: Cocaine Production secured." --->>> https://rumble.com/v1jd6uh-mission-accomplished-cocaine-production-secured..html - Culiacán - CLEANOUT IN MEXICO- ARMY vs CARTELS ---->>>> https://rumble.com/v24940k-culiacn-cleanout-in-mexico-army-vs-cartels.html - The Coca Trap / 2019 #Colombia --->>> https://rumble.com/v1obyj3-the-coca-trap-2019-colombia.html - The Royal Dutch Cocaine Factory (English Subtitles) -->> https://rumble.com/v1obpqp--the-royal-dutch-cocaine-factory-english-subtitles.html ———————————————— ? MISSION STATEMENT: To #SaveOurChildren is OUR MAIN MISSION - Every exposed PEDO is one less ———————————————— CHANNEL DISCLAIMER ©️ COPYRIGHT / LICENSING ———————————————— we invite every content owner and video producer to contact us by email (EXPOSEthePEDOSendOfTheCABAL@proton.me) #StongerTogether - WWG1WGA ———————————————— Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purpose such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. ———————————————— JOIN US ON TELEGRAM & RUMBLE --->>>> https://t.me/EXPOSEthePEDOSendOfTheCABAL https://rumble.com/c/EXPOSEthePEDOSendOfTheCabal topic connected with https://t.me/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND https://rumble.com/c/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND ———————————————— ☕️? if our work is useful for you, we appreciate your support by buying us a coffee ☕️ . Your support helps us to keep the pace to EXPOSE the PEDOS and the CABAL. - Big Thank you for your support - WWG1WGA --->>> ☕️? 
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10:29

WERE 2 OF THE 9/11 HIJACKERS ACTUALLY CIA AGENTS

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Description:
‘Special’ service: Declassified Guantanamo court filing suggests some 9/11 hijackers were CIA agents
10–13 minutes
Some 9/11 Hijackers Were CIA Agents, Declassified Court Filing Suggests

By Jamie White

A declassified court filing has appeared to confirm what Infowars has long ago reported: the 9/11 attacks were perpetrated in part by U.S. government assets.

A court filing from the Guantanamo Military Commission, the court considering the cases of defendants accused of carrying out the terrorist attacks in New York on September 11, 2001, reveal that the CIA was closely monitoring two of the hijackers, and may have even recruited them before they flew planes into the World Trade Center buildings.

Canestraro Declaration Date… by yourNEWS Media

The filing was originally published in July 2021 but was heavily redacted. Now a “unexpurgated” copy has been provided by independent researchers, according to RT’s Felix Livshitz.

The document details DEA veteran Don Canestraro’s investigation of potential Saudi government involvement in the 9/11 attacks, conducted at the request of the defendants’ lawyers.

Canesraro and numerous FBI agents in the investigation appear to conclude that the CIA obstructed official investigations ostensibly to conceal its infiltration of Al Qaeda.

From RT:

An explosive court filing from the Guantanamo Military Commission – a court considering the cases of defendants accused of carrying out the “9/11” terrorist attacks on New York – has seemingly confirmed the unthinkable.

The document was originally published via a Guantanamo Bay court docket, but while public, it was completely redacted. Independent researchers obtained an unexpurgated copy. It is an account by the Commission’s lead investigator, DEA veteran Don Canestraro, of his personal probe of potential Saudi government involvement in the 9/11 attacks, conducted at the request of the defendants’ lawyers.

Two of the hijackers were being closely monitored by the CIA and may, wittingly or not, have been recruited by Langley long before they flew planes into the World Trade Center buildings.
The story of two men

Of the great many enduring mysteries of the 9/11 attacks still unresolved over two decades later, perhaps the biggest and gravest relate to the activities of Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar in the 18 months leading up to that fateful day. The pair traveled to the US on multi-entry visas in January 2000, despite having repeatedly been flagged by the CIA and NSA previously as likely Al Qaeda terrorists.

Mere days before their arrival, they attended an Al Qaeda summit in Kuala Lumpur, during which key details of the 9/11 attacks are likely to have been discussed and agreed. The meeting was secretly photographed and videotaped by Malaysian authorities at the direct request of the CIA’s Alec Station, a special unit set up to track Osama bin Laden, although oddly, no audio was captured.

Still, this background should’ve been sufficient to prevent Hazmi and Midhar from entering the US – or at least enough for the FBI to be informed of their presence in the country. As it was, they were admitted for a six-month period at Los Angeles International airport without incident, and Bureau representatives within Alec Station were blocked from sharing this information with their superiors by the CIA.

“We’ve got to tell the Bureau about this. These guys clearly are bad. One of them, at least, has a multiple-entry visa to the US. We’ve got to tell the FBI,” Mark Rossini, a member of Alec Station, has recalled discussing with his colleagues. “[But the CIA] said to me, ‘No, it’s not the FBI’s case, not the FBI’s jurisdiction.’”

Immediately upon arrival, Hazmi and Midhar encountered a Saudi national residing in California named Omar al-Bayoumi in an airport restaurant. Over the next two weeks, he helped them find an apartment in San Diego, co-signed their lease, gave them $1,500 towards their rent, and introduced them to Anwar al-Awlaki, an imam at a local mosque. Al-Awlaki was killed in a US drone strike in Yemen in 2011.

In the wake of 9/11, Bayoumi unsurprisingly became a subject of interest in an FBI probe of potential Saudi involvement in the attacks, known as Operation Encore. In a 2003 interview with investigators in Riyadh, he claimed his meeting with Hazmi and Midhar was a coincidence – he heard them speaking Arabic, realized they couldn’t speak English, and decided to assist them out of charity.

The Bureau reached a very different conclusion – Bayoumi was a Saudi intelligence operative and part of a wider militant Wahhabist network in the US, which handled a myriad of potential and actual terrorists, and monitored the activities of anti-Riyadh dissidents abroad. What’s more, Encore judged there to be a 50/50 chance he had advanced knowledge of the 9/11 attacks before they happened, and so did the Saudi government.
Why was it hidden?

Those bombshell facts remained hidden from public view until March 2022, when a trove of FBI documents was declassified at the request of the White House. The newly released Guantanamo Military Commission filing sheds even further light on Bayoumi’s contact with Hazmi and Midhar – and in turn, the CIA’s keen interest in them, their activities throughout their stay in the US, and refusal to disclose their presence to the FBI until late August 2001.

The filing is an account by the Commission’s lead investigator, DEA veteran Don Canestraro, of his personal probe of potential Saudi government involvement in the 9/11 attacks, conducted at the request of the defendants’ lawyers. Based on a review of classified information held by, and interviews with representatives of, the FBI and Pentagon, the content strongly suggests that the CIA obstructed official investigations to conceal its penetration of Al Qaeda.

That’s the judgment of four separate, unnamed FBI agents interviewed by Canestraro who worked on investigations into the 9/11 attacks. The most incendiary charges were leveled by a Bureau agent referred to in his report as ‘CS-23’, who had “extensive knowledge of counterterrorism and counterintelligence matters.”

CS-23 recounted how the CIA repeatedly lied and stonewalled the FBI in its investigations into Bayoumi. For example, while Agency officials claimed to possess no files on him when asked by Operation Encore representatives, CS-23 knew for a fact this was a “falsehood,” and the CIA maintained several operational files on Bayoumi, amounting to an extensive paper trail.

Furthermore, CS-23 was certain that the CIA used its liaison relationship with the Saudi intelligence services to attempt to recruit Hazmi and Midhar, and circumvent laws prohibiting the Agency from conducting spying operations on US soil, by using Riyadh as a go between.

This account was backed up by another FBI investigator, ‘CS-3,’ who further claims that Bayoumi setting up bank accounts and renting an apartment for the two hijackers in San Diego “was done at the behest of the CIA.” Any information provided to Bayoumi would then be fed back to Alec Station.

CS-3 felt it odd that this CIA unit, situated in the US and staffed by analysts, was involved in recruiting Al Qaeda operatives, as such work is typically the responsibility of case officers trained in covert operations based overseas. ‘CS-IO’ concurred that this arrangement was “highly unusual,” and made it “nearly impossible for [Alec] Station to develop informants inside of Al Qaeda from its base several thousand miles from the countries where Al Qaeda was suspected of operating.”

Despite such tantalizing leads, CS-23 claims senior FBI officials suppressed further investigations into the CIA’s relationship with Bayoumi and the recruitment of Hazmi and Midhar, and Bureau representatives testifying before the joint Senate and Congressional inquiry into 9/11 were instructed not to reveal the full extent of Saudi involvement with Al-Qaeda.

For their part, CS-3 stated that before they and their colleagues were interviewed by the joint inquiry, CIA officials within Alec Station told them not to cooperate fully with investigators and they were looking to “hang someone” for 9/11.

Canestraro does not make any conclusions as to why the CIA concealed vital information from the FBI prior to the attacks, which potentially could have prevented their execution, and why the Bureau subsequently played along with the Agency’s coverup. Although one answer is provided by the unusual nature of Alec Station’s setup.

Namely, that far from infiltrating an Al Qaeda cell to avert terrorism, the Agency was seeking to influence and direct its activities in order to cause terrorism, outside standard recruitment channels. Having stumbled upon such a monstrous connivance, the FBI would’ve known well to leave the entire subject well alone.

When a member of the CIA’s Alex Station suggested informing the FBI about the two hijackers obtaining visas to the U.S., he was shut down.

“We’ve got to tell the Bureau about this. These guys clearly are bad. One of them, at least, has a multiple-entry visa to the US. We’ve got to tell the FBI,” Mark Rossini, a member of Alec Station, recalled telling his colleagues. “[But the CIA] said to me, ‘No, it’s not the FBI’s case, not the FBI’s jurisdiction.’”

The FBI agents in the files claimed the CIA also concealed information from the bureau about the two hijackers’ main U.S. contact, Omar al-Bayoumi, who was under FBI investigation.

Additionally, they believe the CIA used Saudi Arabia as a go-between to recruit the two hijackers’ in order to circumvent laws forbidding the Agency from conducting spy operations on U.S. soil.

Though the lead investigator Canestraro doesn’t assert the reason behind the CIA’s decision to withhold information from the FBI that could have prevented the 9/11 attacks, the nature of the CIA’s clandestine Alec Station suggests nefarious motives.

“Canestraro does not make any conclusions as to why the CIA concealed vital information from the FBI prior to the attacks, which potentially could have prevented their execution, and why the Bureau subsequently played along with the Agency’s coverup. Although one answer is provided by the unusual nature of Alec Station’s setup,” Livshitz wrote.

“Namely, that far from infiltrating an Al Qaeda cell to avert terrorism, the Agency was seeking to influence and direct its activities in order to cause terrorism, outside standard recruitment channels. Having stumbled upon such a monstrous connivance, the FBI would’ve known well to leave the entire subject well alone.”

26:39

SPECIAL CBS REPORT 1982: THE CIA - NAZI CONNECTION

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ENJOY THE SHOW ｜ CIA DIRECTOR'S CUT - THE HOLLYWOOD STORY

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NEW UNSEEN CLIPS - HERE'S A RARE LOOK BEHING THE CURTAIN THAT WILL AID YOU IN BEING ABLE TO SEE - THINGS THAT OCCUR IN OUR SOCIETY IN A CLEAR LIGHT WITH SCRUTINY - IT'S ALL A SHOW WHERE THE WHOLE WORLD IS A STAGE - MAY THIS DOCUMENTARY GIVE YOU EYES TO SEE & EARS TO HEAR
The film is about the undue influence of Creative Artists Agency (CAA), the talent agency that controls all of the major talent in Hollywood, that drives some of the biggest Psychological Operations on the planet and that is basically an extension of the CIA.
-
‘Enjoy the Show’ is written, narrated and co-produced by Tore Maras and directed, edited and co-produced by Broken Anthem and this is the Director’s Cut of the film.
We see lots of video evidence in this film that CAA was actually involved in staging the January 6th Capitol Riot.
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CIA CHILD SEX CRIMES EXPOSED
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https://rumble.com/v21a0kg-cia-child-sex-crimes-exposed.html
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COCAINE IMPORTING AGENCY (CIA) - The Enterprise
CABAL CIA & COCAINE - HOW THE CABAL CIA SPARKED THE CRACK EPIDEMIC
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BREAD & GAMES - GIVE THEM BREAD AND CIRCUS & THEY WILL NEVER REVOLT
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?Secrets of the (Cabal)?
??CIA EXPOSED??
Full Documentary
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CABAL CIA & COCAINE
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75 Years Of The CIA: ‘We Lied, We Cheated, We Stole’
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CIA and the MAINSTREAM MEDIA: DISINFORMATION AS PSYOPS
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WE ARE THE NEWS NOW - Q and ANONS
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Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government
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03:50

US Congress Welcomes Neo-Nazi Azov Battalion Members

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THE BUSH (SCHERFF) NAZI SS CRIME FAMILY- THREE GENERATIONS OF TREASON and HIGH CRIMES

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58:31

The Real Drug Lords Are Not Who You Think They Are

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The CIA & drugs: https://thememoryhole.substack.com/p/the-cia-guide-to-ruining-someones

An in-depth exploration of the intricate web underlying the narcotics trade. Delivered by former CIA official John Stockwell, the presentation meticulously traces the evolution of this illicit business, beginning with the Opium Wars in China and extending through pivotal historical moments such as American support to Mafia and crime syndicates during and post-World War II.

Stockwell's narrative doesn't shy away from detailing the French narcotics involvement in Indo-China and the subsequent assumption of these operations by the United States during the Vietnam War. The presentation extends its gaze into the contemporary era, shedding light on how entities like the CIA and international banks play roles in fostering and profiting from the global narcotics trade.

A particular emphasis is placed on exploring the involvement of prominent figures like George Bush and Oliver North in these operations. Recorded on June 25, 1988, this comprehensive and thought-provoking exposition offers a deep dive into the history, structure, and operations of the narcotics trade, exposing connections and dynamics that span generations.

The Opium Wars (simplified Chinese: 鸦片战争; traditional Chinese: 鴉片戰爭 Yāpiàn zhànzhēng) were two conflicts waged between China and Western powers during the mid-19th century.

The First Opium War was fought from 1839 to 1842 between China and Britain. It was triggered by the Chinese government's campaign to enforce its prohibition of opium, which included destroying opium stocks owned by British merchants and the British East India Company. The British government responded by sending a naval expedition to force the Chinese government to pay reparations and allow the opium trade. [1] The Second Opium War was waged by Britain and France against China from 1856 to 1860. It resulted in the legalisation of opium in China. [2]

In each war, the superior military advantages enjoyed by European forces led to several easy victories over the Chinese military, with the consequence that China was compelled to sign the unequal treaties to grant favourable tariffs, trade concessions, reparations and territory to Western powers. The two conflicts, along with the various treaties imposed during the "century of humiliation", weakened the Chinese government's authority and forced China to open specified treaty ports (including Shanghai) to Western merchants.[3][4] In addition, China ceded sovereignty over Hong Kong to the British Empire, which maintained control over the region until 1997. During this period, the Chinese economy also contracted slightly as a result of the wars, though the Taiping Rebellion and Dungan Revolt had a much larger economic effect.[5]
First Opium War
Main article: First Opium War

The First Opium War broke out in 1839 between China and Britain and was fought over trading rights (including the right of free trade) and Britain's diplomatic status among Chinese officials. In the eighteenth century, China enjoyed a trade surplus with Europe, trading porcelain, silk, and tea in exchange for silver. By the late 17th century, the British East India Company (EIC) expanded the cultivation of opium in the Bengal Presidency, selling it to private merchants who transported it to China and covertly sold it on to Chinese smugglers.[6] By 1797, the EIC was selling 4,000 chests of opium (each weighing 77 kg) to private merchants per annum.[7]

In earlier centuries, opium was utilised as an medicine with anesthetic qualities, but new Chinese practices of smoking opium recreationally increased demand tremendously and often led to smokers developing addictions. Successive Chinese emperors issued edicts making opium illegal in 1729, 1799, 1814, and 1831, but imports grew as smugglers and colluding officials in China sought profit.[8] Some American merchants entered the trade by smuggling opium from Turkey into China, including Warren Delano Jr., the grandfather of twentieth-century President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Francis Blackwell Forbes; in American historiography this is sometimes referred to as the Old China Trade.[9] By 1833, the Chinese opium trade soared to 30,000 chests.[7] British and American merchants sent opium to warehouses in the free-trade port of Canton, and sold it to Chinese smugglers.[8][10]

In 1834, the EIC's monopoly on British trade with China ceased, and the opium trade burgeoned. Partly concerned with moral issues over the consumption of opium and partly with the outflow of silver, the Daoguang Emperor charged Governor General Lin Zexu with ending the trade. In 1839, Lin published in Canton an open letter to Queen Victoria requesting her cooperation in halting the opium trade. The letter never reached the Queen.[11] It was later published in The Times as a direct appeal to the British public for their cooperation.[12] An edict from the Daoguang Emperor followed on 18 March,[13] emphasising the serious penalties for opium smuggling that would now apply henceforth. Lin ordered the seizure of all opium in Canton, including that held by foreign governments and trading companies (called factories),[14] and the companies prepared to hand over a token amount to placate him.[15][page needed] Charles Elliot, Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China, arrived 3 days after the expiry of Lin's deadline, as Chinese troops enforced a shutdown and blockade of the factories. The standoff ended after Elliot paid for all the opium on credit from the British government (despite lacking official authority to make the purchase) and handed the 20,000 chests (1,300 metric tons) over to Lin, who had them destroyed at Humen.[16]

Elliott then wrote to London advising the use of military force to resolve the dispute with the Chinese government. A small skirmish occurred between British and Chinese warships in the Kowloon Estuary on 4 September 1839.[14] After almost a year, the British government decided, in May 1840, to send a military expedition to impose reparations for the financial losses experienced by opium traders in Canton and to guarantee future security for the trade. On 21 June 1840, a British naval force arrived off Macao and moved to bombard the port of Dinghai. In the ensuing conflict, the Royal Navy used its superior ships and guns to inflict a series of decisive defeats on Chinese forces.[17]

The war was concluded by the Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) in 1842, the first of the Unequal treaties between China and Western powers.[18] The treaty ceded the Hong Kong Island and surrounding smaller islands to Britain, and established five cities as treaty ports open to Western traders: Shanghai, Canton, Ningbo, Fuzhou, and Xiamen (Amoy).[19] The treaty also stipulated that China would pay a twenty-one million dollar payment to Britain as reparations for the destroyed opium, with six million to be paid immediately, and the rest through specified installments thereafter.[20] Another treaty the following year gave most favoured nation status to Britain and added provisions for British extraterritoriality, making Britain exempt from Chinese law.[18] France secured several of the same concessions from China in the Treaty of Whampoa in 1844.[21]

British bombardment of Canton from the surrounding heights, 29 May 1841. Watercolour painting by Edward H. Cree (1814–1901), Naval Surgeon to the Royal Navy.

British bombardment of Canton from the surrounding heights, 29 May 1841. Watercolour painting by Edward H. Cree (1814–1901), Naval Surgeon to the Royal Navy.
The 98th Regiment of Foot at the attack on Chin-Kiang-Foo (Zhenjiang), 21 July 1842, resulting in the defeat of the Manchu government. Watercolour by military illustrator Richard Simkin (1840–1926).

The 98th Regiment of Foot at the attack on Chin-Kiang-Foo (Zhenjiang), 21 July 1842, resulting in the defeat of the Manchu government. Watercolour by military illustrator Richard Simkin (1840–1926).

Second Opium War
Main article: Second Opium War
Depiction of the 1860 battle of Taku Forts. Book illustration from 1873.

In 1853, northern China was convulsed by the Taiping Rebellion, which established its capital at Nanjing. In spite of this, a new Imperial Commissioner, Ye Mingchen, was appointed at Canton, determined to stamp out the opium trade, which was still technically illegal. In October 1856, he seized the Arrow, a ship claiming British registration, and threw its crew into chains. Sir John Bowring, Governor of British Hong Kong, called up Rear Admiral Sir Michael Seymour's East Indies and China Station fleet, which, on 23 October, bombarded and captured the Pearl River forts on the approach to Canton and proceeded to bombard Canton itself, but had insufficient forces to take and hold the city. On 15 December, during a riot in Canton, European commercial properties were set on fire and Bowring appealed for military intervention.[19] The execution of a French missionary inspired support from France.[22]

Britain and France now sought greater concessions from China, including the legalisation of the opium trade, expanding of the transportation of coolies to European colonies, opening all of China to British and French citizens and exempting foreign imports from internal transit duties.[23] The war resulted in the 1858 Treaty of Tientsin (Tianjin), in which the Chinese government agreed to pay war reparations for the expenses of the recent conflict, open a second group of ten ports to European commerce, legalise the opium trade, and grant foreign traders and missionaries rights to travel within China.[19] After a second phase of fighting which included the sack of the Old Summer Palace and the occupation of the Forbidden City palace complex in Beijing, the treaty was confirmed by the Convention of Peking in 1860.[citation needed]
See also

Destruction of opium at Humen
History of opium in China

References

Chen, Song-Chuan (1 May 2017). Merchants of War and Peace. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-988-8390-56-4.
Feige1, Miron2, Chris1, Jeffrey A.2 (2008). "The opium wars, opium legalization and opium consumption in China". Applied Economics Letters. 15: 911–913 – via Scopus.
Taylor Wallbank; Bailkey; Jewsbury; Lewis; Hackett (1992). "A Short History of the Opium Wars". Civilizations Past And Present. Chapter 29: "South And East Asia, 1815–1914" – via Schaffer Library of Drug Policy.
Kenneth Pletcher. "Chinese history: Opium Wars". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Desjardins, Jeff (15 September 2017). "Over 2000 years of economic history, in one chart". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
"Opium trade – History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
Hanes, Wiliam Travis III; Sanello, Frank (2004). The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. United States: Sourcebooks. pp. 21, 24, 25. ISBN 978-1402201493.
"A Century of International Drug Control" (PDF). UNODC.org.
Meyer, Karl E. (28 June 1997). "The Opium War's Secret History". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
Haythornthwaite, Philip J., The Colonial Wars Source Book, London, 2000, p.237. ISBN 1-84067-231-5
Fay (1975), p. 143.
Platt (2018), p. online.
Hanes & Sanello 2002, p. 43.
Haythornthwaite, 2000, p.237.
Hanes, W. Travis; Sanello, Frank (2002). Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. Sourcebooks. ISBN 9781402201493.
"China Commemorates Anti-opium Hero". 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Tauris. pp. 3–13, 29. ISBN 1-84511-419-1.
Treaty of Nanjing inBritannica.
Haythornthwaite 2000, p. 239.
Treaty Of Nanjing (Nanking), 1842 on the website of the US-China Institute at University of Southern Carolina.
Xiaobing Li (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 468. ISBN 9781598844160.
"MIT Visualizing Cultures". visualizingcultures.mit.edu. Retrieved 9 September 2023.

Zhihong Shi (2016). Central Government Silver Treasury: Revenue, Expenditure and Inventory Statistics, ca. 1667–1899. BRILL. p. 33. ISBN 978-90-04-30733-9.

Cited references and further reading

Beeching, Jack. The Chinese Opium Wars (Harvest Books, 1975)
Fay, Peter Ward (1975). The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar. University of North Carolina Press.
Gelber, Harry G. Opium, Soldiers and Evangelicals: Britain's 1840–42 War with China, and its Aftermath. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Hanes, W. Travis and Frank Sanello. The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another (2014)
Kitson, Peter J. "The Last War of the Romantics: De Quincey, Macaulay, the First Chinese Opium War". Wordsworth Circle (2018) 49#3.
Lovell, Julia. The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams, and the Making of Modern China(2011).
Marchant, Leslie R. "The War of the Poppies", History Today (May 2002) Vol. 52 Issue 5, pp 42–49, online popular history
Platt, Stephen R. (2018). Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China's Last Golden Age. New York: Knopf. ISBN 9780307961730. 556 pp.
Kenneth Pomeranz, "Blundering into War" (review of Stephen R. Platt, Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China's Last Golden Age, Vintage), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 10 (6 June 2019), pp. 38–41.
Polachek, James M., The inner opium war (Harvard Univ Asia Center, 1992).
Wakeman, Frederic E. (1966). Strangers at the Gate: Social Disorder in South China, 1839–1861. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520212398.
Waley, Arthur, ed. The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes (1960).
Wong, John Y. Deadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism, and the Arrow War (1856–1860) in China. (Cambridge UP, 2002)
Yu, Miles Maochun. "Did China Have a Chance to Win the Opium War?" Military History in the News, July 3, 2018.

The United States government collaborated with the Italian Mafia during World War II and afterwards on several occasions.
Operation Underworld: Strikes and labor disputes in the eastern shipping ports
See also: Operation Underworld

During the early days of World War II, the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence suspected that Italian and German agents were entering the United States through New York, and that these facilities were susceptible to sabotage. The loss of SS Normandie in February 1942, especially, raised fears and suspicions in the Navy about possible sabotage in the Eastern ports. A Navy Intelligence Unit, B3, assigned more than a hundred agents to investigate possible Benito Mussolini supporters within the predominantly Italian-American fisherman and dockworker population on the waterfront. Their efforts were fruitless, as the dockworkers and fishermen in the Italian Mafia-controlled waterfront were tight-lipped and distant to strangers.[1] The Navy contacted Meyer Lansky, a known associate of Salvatore C. Luciano and one of the top non-Italian associates of the Mafia,[2] about a deal with the Mafia boss Luciano. Luciano, also known as Lucky Luciano, was one of the highest-ranking Mafia both in Italy and the US and was serving a 30 to 50 years sentence for compulsory prostitution in the Clinton Prison.[3] To facilitate the negotiations, the State of New York moved Luciano from the Clinton prison to Great Meadow Correctional Facility, which is much closer to New York City.[4][5]

The State of New York, Luciano and the Navy struck a deal in which Luciano guaranteed full assistance of his organization in providing intelligence to the Navy. In addition, Luciano associate Albert Anastasia—who controlled the docks and ran Murder, Inc.—allegedly guaranteed no dockworker strikes throughout the war. In return, the State of New York agreed to commute Luciano's sentence.[6] Luciano's actual influence is uncertain, but the authorities did note that the dockworker strikes stopped after the deal was reached with Luciano.[7]

In the summer of 1945, Luciano petitioned the State of New York for executive clemency, citing his assistance to the Navy. Naval authorities, embarrassed that they had to recruit organized-crime to help in their war effort, declined to confirm Luciano's claim. However, the Manhattan District Attorney's office validated the facts and the state parole board unanimously agreed to recommend to the governor that Luciano be released and deported immediately.[8] On January 4, 1946, Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the former prosecutor who placed Luciano into prison, commuted Lucky Luciano's sentence on the condition that he did not resist deportation to Italy.[9] Dewey stated, “Upon the entry of the United States into the war, Luciano’s aid was sought by the Armed Services in inducing others to provide information concerning possible enemy attack. It appears that he cooperated in such effort, although the actual value of the information procured is not clear.”[10][7] Luciano was deported to his homeland Italy on February 9, 1946.[11] There was a media hype of Luciano's role after his deportation. The syndicated columnist and radio broadcaster Walter Winchell even reported in 1947 that Luciano would receive the Medal of Honor for his secret services.[12]
Operation Husky: The invasion of Sicily and its aftermath
See also: Allied invasion of Sicily

Italian Americans were very helpful in the planning and execution of the invasion of Sicily. The Mafia was involved in assisting the U.S. war efforts.[13] Luciano's associates found numerous Sicilians to help the Naval Intelligence draw maps of the harbors of Sicily and dig up old snapshots of the coastline.[14][15] Vito Genovese, another Mafia boss, offered his services to the U.S. Army and became an interpreter and advisor to the U.S. Army military government in Naples. He quickly became one of AMGOT’s most trusted employees.[16] Through the Navy Intelligence’s Mafia contacts from Operation Underworld, the names of Sicilian underworld personalities and friendly Sicilian natives who could be trusted were obtained and actually used in the Sicilian campaign.[17]

The Joint Staff Planners (JSP) for the US Joint Chiefs of Staff drafted a report titled Special Military Plan for Psychological Warfare in Sicily that recommended the “Establishment of contact and communications with the leaders of separatist nuclei, disaffected workers, and clandestine radical groups, e.g., the Mafia, and giving them every possible aid.” The report was approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington on April 15, 1943.[18]
Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
Main article: Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
See also: Sam Giancana and Santo Trafficante Jr.
[icon]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)
Controversy and criticism

There was considerable public controversy during the late days of the war and afterwards surrounding the connection between the U.S. Government and the Mafia.[19][20] In 1953, Governor Dewey, pushed by allegations that he sold Luciano his pardon, ordered a confidential investigation by the state's commissioner of investigation, William Herlands. Herlands released his 2,600-page report in 1954, which offered proof of Luciano's involvement with the Navy without finding any wrongdoing by Dewey.[21] Naval officials reviewed the report and requested Dewey to not release it on the grounds that it would be a public-relations disaster for the Navy and it might damage future similar war efforts. Dewey agreed, and the report was not released until after his death in the mid-1970s.[20][22]

Notable scholars of the topic such as Selwyn Raab and Tim Newark have questioned the effectiveness of the Mafia in their help during Operation Husky.[23][24] Raab states that Luciano could not have helped during the invasion of Sicily, as he was out of touch with the Sicilian Mafia, and neither he nor the Cosa Nostra had any significant contribution to the Allied victory in Sicily. On the other hand, another scholar on the topic, Ezio Costanzo, alleges that Congressman Horan revealed that Luciano was visited 11 times by Naval Intelligence officers throughout his sentence.[25] In addition, Costanzo states that Commander Haffenden of Naval Intelligence Section F (foreign intelligence) stated in numerous reports how his men were interviewing many native-born Italians and that they were cooperating because of Luciano.[26]
Footnotes

Raab. p.76
U.S. Treasury Department Bureau of Narcotics. p. 101
U.S. Treasury Department Bureau of Narcotics. p. 809
Kelly. p. 107
Costanzo. pp.51-56
Newark. pp. 99-111
Campbell. pp. 111-127
Raab. p. 78
"DEWEY COMMUTES LUCIANO SENTENCE,", The New York Times, 04 January 1946, Retrieved 25 March 2013
Costanzo. p.42
Costanzo. p.41
Raab. pp.78-79
Luconi. p.5
Raab. p.77
Newark. p.127
McCoy. p. 20
Newark. p.126
Newark. p.134-135
Costanzo. p.64
Raab. p.79
Costanzo. p.66
Costanzo. p.40
Costanzo. p.77
Newark. pp.288-289
Costanzo. p.44

Costanzo. p.59

References

Campbell, Rodney. The Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the U.S. Navy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. ISBN 9780070096745
Costanzo, Ezio. The Mafia and the Allies: Sicily 1943 and the Return of the Mafia. New York: Enigma Books, 2007. ISBN 9781936274949
Costanzo, Ezio. Mafia & Alleati, Servizi segreti americani e sbarco in Sicilia. Da Lucky Luciano ai sindaci uomini d'onore. Le Nove Muse Editrice, 2006
Kelly, Robert. The Upperworld and the Underworld: Case Studies of Racketeering and Business Infiltrations in the United States. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 1999.
Luconi, Stefano. "Italian Americans and the Invasion of Sicily in World War II." Italian Americana 25.1 (2007): 5-22.
McCoy, Alfred W. The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia. New York: Harper and Row, 1972.
New York Times. "DEWEY COMMUTES LUCIANO SENTENCE." 4 January 1946. New York Times. 25 March 2013.
Newark, Tim. Mafia Allies: The True Story of America's Secret Alliance with the Mob in World War II. Saint Paul: Zenith Press, 2007, ISBN 9780760324578.
Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Mast Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2005, ISBN 9780312300944
U.S. Treasury Department Bureau of Narcotics. Mafia. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007.

The French Connection was a scheme through which heroin was smuggled from Indochina through Turkey to France and then to the United States and Canada. The operation started in the 1930s, reached its peak in the 1960s, and was dismantled in the 1970s. It was responsible for providing the vast majority of the heroin used in the United States at the time. The operation was headed by Corsicans Antoine Guérini and Paul Carbone (with associate François Spirito). It also involved Auguste Ricord, Paul Mondoloni and Salvatore Greco.[citation needed]
History
The 1930s, '40s, and '50s

Illegal heroin labs were first discovered near Marseille, France, in 1937. These labs were run by Corsican gang leader Paul Carbone. For years, the Corsican underworld had been involved in the manufacturing and trafficking of heroin, primarily to the United States.[1] It was this heroin network that eventually became known as "the French Connection".

The Corsican Gang was protected by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the SDECE after World War II in exchange for working to prevent French Communists from bringing the Old Port of Marseille under their control.[2]

Historically, the raw material for most of the heroin consumed in the United States came from Indochina, then Turkey. Turkish farmers were licensed to grow opium poppies for sale to legal drug companies, but many sold their excess to the underworld market, where it was manufactured into heroin and transported to the United States. The morphine paste was refined in Corsican laboratories in Marseille, one of the busiest ports in the western Mediterranean Sea, known for shipping all types of illegal goods. The Marseille heroin was considered high quality.

The convenience of the port at Marseille and the frequent arrival of ships from opium-producing countries made it easy to smuggle the morphine base to Marseille from the Far East or the Near East. The French underground would then ship large quantities of heroin from Marseille to New York City.

The first significant post-World War II seizure was made in New York on February 5, 1947, when seven pounds (3 kg) of heroin were seized from a Corsican sailor disembarking from a vessel that had just arrived from France.

It soon became clear that the French underground was increasing not only its participation in the illegal trade of opium, but also its expertise and efficiency in heroin trafficking. On March 17, 1947, 28 pounds (13 kg) of heroin were found on the French liner St. Tropez. On January 7, 1949, more than 50 pounds (22.75 kg) of opium and heroin were seized on the French ship Batista.

After Paul Carbone's death, the Guérini clan was the ruling dynasty of the Unione Corse and had systematically organized the smuggling of opium from Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries. The Guérini clan was led by Marseille mob boss Antoine Guérini and his brothers, Barthelemy, Francois and Pascal.[citation needed]

In October 1957, a meeting between Sicilian Mafia and American Mafia members was held at the Grand Hotel et des Palmes in Palermo to discuss the international illegal heroin trade in the French Connection.[3]
The 1960s

The first major French Connection seizure in the 1960s began that June, when an informant told a drug agent in Lebanon that Mauricio Rosal, the Guatemalan Ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, was smuggling morphine base from Beirut to Marseille. Narcotics agents had been seizing about 200 pounds (90 kg) of heroin in a typical year, but intelligence showed that the Corsican traffickers were smuggling in 200 pounds (90 kg) every other week. Rosal alone, in one year, had used his diplomatic status to bring in about 440 pounds (200 kg).

The Federal Bureau of Narcotics's 1960 annual report estimated that from 2,600 to 5,000 pounds (1,200 to 2,300 kg) of heroin were coming into the United States annually from France. The French traffickers continued to exploit the demand for their illegal product, and by 1969, they were supplying the United States with 80 percent of its heroin.[4]

On April 26, 1968, a record setting seizure was made, 246 lb (111.6 kg) of heroin smuggled to New York concealed in a Citroën DS on the SS France (1960) ocean liner.[5][6][7] The total amount smuggled during the many transatlantic voyages of just this one car was 1,606 lb (728.5 kg) according to arrested smuggler Jacques Bousquet.[8]

In an effort to limit the most proximate source of supply to the Corsican cartel, US officials went to Turkey to negotiate the phasing out of opium production. Initially, the Turkish government agreed to limit their opium production starting with the 1968 crop.

At the end of the 1960s, after Robert Blemant's assassination by Antoine Guérini, a gang war sparked in Marseille, caused by competition over casino revenues. Blemant's associate Marcel Francisci continued the war over the next years.
Jean Jehan

Former New York City Police Department Narcotics Bureau detective Sonny Grosso has stated that the kingpin of the French Connection heroin ring during the 1950s into the 1960s was Corsican Jean Jehan.[9] Although Jehan is reported to have arranged the famous 1962 deal gone wrong of 64 pounds of "pure" heroin, he was never arrested for his involvement in international heroin smuggling. According to Grosso, all warrants for the arrest of Jehan were left open. For years thereafter, Jehan was reported to be seen arranging and operating drug activities at will throughout Europe. According to William Friedkin, director of the 1971 film The French Connection, Jehan had been a member of the French Resistance to Nazi Occupation during World War II and, because of that, French law enforcement officials refused to arrest him. Friedkin was told that Jehan died peacefully of old age at his home in Corsica.[10]
The 1970s: Dismantling

Following five subsequent years of concessions, combined with international cooperation, the Turkish government finally agreed in 1971 to a complete ban on the growing of Turkish poppies for the production of opium, effective June 29, 1971. During these protracted negotiations, law enforcement personnel went into action. One of the major roundups began on January 4, 1972, when agents from the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) and French authorities seized 110 pounds (50 kg) of heroin at the Paris airport. Subsequently, traffickers Jean-Baptiste Croce and Joseph Mari were arrested in Marseille. One such French seizure from the French Connection in 1973 netted 210 pounds (95 kg) of heroin worth $38 million.

In February 1972, French traffickers offered a United States Army sergeant $96,000 (equivalent to $671,618 in 2022) to smuggle 240 pounds (109 kg) of heroin into the United States. He informed his superior who in turn notified the BNDD. As a result of this investigation, five men in New York and two in Paris were arrested with 264 pounds (120 kg) of heroin, which had a street value of $50 million. In a 14-month period, starting in February 1972, six major illicit heroin laboratories were seized and dismantled in the suburbs of Marseille by French national narcotics police in collaboration with agents from the United States Drug Enforcement Administration. On February 29, 1972, French authorities seized the shrimp boat, Caprice des Temps, as it put to sea near Marseille heading towards Miami. It was carrying 915 pounds (415 kg) of heroin. Drug arrests in France skyrocketed from 57 in 1970 to 3,016 in 1972.

Also broken up as part of this investigation was the crew of American Mafia Lucchese family mobster Vincent Papa, whose members included Anthony Loria Sr. and Virgil Alessi. The well-organized gang was responsible for distributing close to a million dollars worth of heroin up and down the East Coast of the United States during the early 1970s, which in turn led to a major New York Police Department (NYPD) corruption scheme. The scope and depth of this scheme are still not known, but officials suspect it involved corrupt NYPD officers who allowed Papa, Alessi, and Loria access to the NYPD property/evidence storage room, where hundreds of kilograms of heroin lay seized from the now-infamous French Connection bust, and from which the men would help themselves and replace missing heroin with flour and corn starch to avoid detection.[11][12]

The substitution was discovered only when officers noticed insects eating all the bags of "heroin". By that point an estimated street value of approximately $70 million worth of heroin had already been taken. The racket was brought to light and arrests were made. Certain plotters received jail sentences, including Papa, who was later murdered in federal prison in Atlanta, Georgia.

Ultimately, the Guérini clan was exterminated during internecine wars within the French underworld. In 1971, Marcel Francisci was accused by the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics of being involved in the trafficking of heroin between Marseilles and New York City.[13] On 16 January 1982, Marcel Francisci was shot to death as he was entering his car in the parking lot of the building where he lived in Paris, France.[13]
List of related gangsters
Unione Corse members

Paul Carbone
Marcel Francisci
Antoine Guérini
Barthélemy Guérini
Paul Mondoloni
Joseph Corsini
Francois Spirito

Black members

Frank Matthews

Italian-Canadian mobsters

Johnny Papalia, Hamilton, Ontario
Vito Agueci, Hamilton
Alberto Agueci, Hamilton
Vic Cotroni, leader of the Cotroni crime family of Montreal and capo/boss of the Montreal faction of the Bonanno crime family

Italian-American mobsters

Ignacio Antinori, Tampa, Florida gangster that founded Trafficante crime family
Frank Caruso[14]
Lucky Luciano, Five Families gangster that founded Genovese crime family
Vinnie Mauro[14]
Frank Ragano, Tampa, Florida attorney supporting Trafficante crime family
Joseph "Hoboken Joe" Stassi (AKA "Joe Rogers"), independent but well-placed in organized crime[15][16]

Bonanno crime family members

Joseph Bonanno, Bonanno crime family boss
Carmine Galante

Gambino crime family members

Joseph Armone[17]

Lucchese crime family members

Giovanni "Big John" Ormento, a capo involved in large scale narcotic trafficking[18]
Salvatore Lo Proto, an important member of Big John's narcotic trafficking ring[19]
Angelo M. Loiacano, wholesaler of Big John Ormento's narcotic trafficking ring[20]
Angelo "Little Angie" Tuminaro, an associate, involved in narcotic trafficking[18][21]
Pasquale "Patsy" Fuca, nephew to Tuminaro, involved in the narcotic trade[18]
Anthony DiPasqua, was a narcotic trafficker[18]
Vincent Papa, was the mastermind behind the "Stealing of the French Connection"
Anthony Loria, partner with Vincent Papa in the "Stealing of the French Connection"

Related films

William Friedkin, The French Connection (1971)
Francis Ford Coppola, The Godfather (1972)
Sidney J. Furie, Hit! (1973)
Robert Parrish, The Marseille Contract (1974)
John Frankenheimer, French Connection II (1975)
Andrew V. McLaglen, Mitchell (1975)
Blake Edwards, Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978)
Sidney Lumet, Prince of the City (1981)
Ridley Scott, American Gangster (2007)
Cédric Jimenez, The Connection (La French) (2014)

During the Korean War, the first allegations of CIA drug trafficking surfaced after 1949, stemming from a deal whereby arms were supplied to Chiang Kai-shek's defeated generals in exchange for intelligence.[15] Later in the same region, while the CIA was sponsoring a "Secret War" in Laos from 1961 to 1975, it was openly accused of trafficking heroin in the Golden Triangle area.

To fight its "Secret War" against the Pathet Lao communist movement of Laos, the CIA used the Miao/Meo (Hmong) population. Because of the war, the Hmong depended upon opium poppy cultivation for hard currency. The Plain of Jars had been captured by Pathet Lao fighters in 1964, which resulted in the Royal Lao Air Force being unable to land its C-47 transport aircraft on the Plain of Jars for opium transport. The Royal Laotian Air Force had almost no light planes that could land on the dirt runways near the mountaintop poppy fields. Having no way to transport their opium, the Hmong were faced with economic ruin. Air America, a CIA front organization, was the only airline available in northern Laos. Alfred McCoy writes, "According to several unproven sources, Air America began flying opium from mountain villages north and east of the Plain of Jars to CIA asset Hmong General Vang Pao's headquarters at Long Tieng."[16]

The CIA's front company, Air America was alleged to have profited from transporting opium and heroin on behalf of Hmong leader Vang Pao,[17][18] or of "turning a blind eye" to the Laotian military doing it.[19][20] This allegation has been supported also by former Laos CIA paramilitary Anthony Poshepny (aka Tony Poe), former Air America pilots, and other people involved in the war. It is portrayed in the movie Air America. Larry Collins alleged:

During the Vietnam War, US operations in Laos were largely a CIA responsibility. The CIA's surrogate there was a Laotian general, Vang Pao, who commanded Military Region 2 in northern Laos. He enlisted 30,000 Hmong tribesmen in the service of the CIA. These tribesmen continued to grow, as they had for generations, the opium poppy. Before long, someone—there were unproven allegations that it was a Mafia family from Florida—had established a heroin drug refinery lab in Region Two. The lab's production was soon being ferried out on the planes of the CIA's front airline, Air America. A pair of BNDD [the predecessor of the US Drug Enforcement Administration] agents tried to seize an Air America."[15]

Further documentation of CIA-connected Laotian opium trade was provided by Rolling Stone magazine in 1968, and by Alfred McCoy in 1972.[21][17] McCoy stated that:

In most cases, the CIA's role involved various forms of complicity, tolerance or studied ignorance about the trade, not any direct culpability in the actual trafficking ... [t]he CIA did not handle heroin, but it did provide its drug lord allies with transport, arms, and political protection. In sum, the CIA's role in the Southeast Asian heroin trade involved indirect complicity rather than direct culpability.[22]

However, aviation historian William M. Leary, writes that Air America was not involved in the drug trade, citing Joseph Westermeyer, a physician and public health worker resident in Laos from 1965 to 1975, that "American-owned airlines never knowingly transported opium in or out of Laos, nor did their American pilots ever profit from its transport."[23] Aviation historian Curtis Peebles also denies that Air America employees were involved in opium transportation.[24]

01:30

the CIA has had a LEGAL mandate never to interfere domestically, esp.partisan politics.." KASH

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Since its inception in 1947, the CIA has had a LEGAL mandate never to interfere domestically, especially partisan politics..."
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... and that's exactly what they did with the letter.

As Kash says, this is the very definition of electoral fraud.
Return the diamonds.
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CIA child sex crimes exposed and covered up.
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NAZISM IN THE 21st CENTURY - deNAZIfication IS THE ONLY WAY

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THE HISTORY OF THE CIA: Mafia Allies and Global Drug Trade Connection Begins [pt. 3]

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THE HISTORY OF THE CIA: Mafia Allies and Global Drug Trade Connection Begins [pt. 3]
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83,317 views Apr 20, 2023 #spy #ww2 #mafia
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Welcome back to the History of the CIA. Today we examine the OSS' work in Burma and Paul Helliwell's plan to marry the CIA to the global organized crime networks. Remember to always keep your eyes wide open. Thanks for the support. These videos are made purely for educational and informational purposes. CHAPTERS:
0:00 INTRO
2:17 Part One: The Building Block of Empires 6:49 Part Two: The Ecstasy of (Brown) Gold 13:26 Part Three: Drugs and the CIA
19:07 Part Four: "Operation X"
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] The Politics of Heroin - Alfred W. McCoy (p.5)
[2] The China Mirage - James Bradley (p. 27-29)
[3] The Politics of Heroin - Alfred W. McCoy (p.5)
[4] The Politics of Heroin - Alfred W. McCoy (p.6)
[5] The Politics of Heroin - Alfred W. McCoy (p.10)
[6] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 31)
[7] The Politics of Heroin - Alfred W. McCoy (p.14)
[8] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 32)
[9] One Nation Under Blackmail Part One - Whitney Webb (p.10-11)
[10] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 32)
[11] The China Mirage - James Bradley (p. 227+292)
[12] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 32-33)
[13] Legacy of Ashes - Tim Weiner (p. 5)
[14] The Politics of Heroin - Alfred W. McCoy (p.15)
[15] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (Whole work)
[16] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 35)
[17] Legacy of Ashes - Tim Weiner (p. 7)
[18] The Politics of Heroin - Alfred W. McCoy (p.24-25), Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 32)
[19] Williams ibid.
[20] One Nation Under Blackmail Part One - Whitney Webb (p. 2), Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 45)
[21] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 37-39)
[22] One Nation Under Blackmail Part One - Whitney Webb (p. 18-19), Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 32) [23] The Politics of Heroin - Alfred W. McCoy (p.14-15)
[24] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 36)
[25] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 46)
[26] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 55-56)
[27] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 46)
[28] Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia - Paul L. Williams (p. 51-62)
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