BrookeCerda check_circle
0 subscribers
Costs of the 20-year war on terror: $8 trillion and 900,000 deaths
A report from the Costs of War project at Brown University revealed that 20 years of post-9/11 wars have cost the U.S. an estimated $8 trillion and have killed more than 900,000 people.
PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — Nearly 20 years after the United States’ invasion of Afghanistan, the cost of its global war on terror stands at $8 trillion and 900,000 deaths, according to a new report from the Costs of War project at Brown University.
The Costs of War project, founded more than a decade ago at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs and co-directed by two Brown scholars, released its influential annual report ahead of the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, the impetus for an ongoing American effort to root out terrorism in the Middle East and beyond.
Stephanie Savell, Catherine Lutz and Neta CrawfordThe Costs of War project is co-directed by Stephanie Savell (left), Catherine Lutz (center) and Neta Crawford (right).
“The war has been long and complex and horrific and unsuccessful... and the war continues in over 80 countries,” said Catherine Lutz, co-director of Costs of War and a professor of international and public affairs at Brown, during a virtual event hosted by the Watson Institute on Wednesday, Sept. 1. “The Pentagon and the U.S. military have now absorbed the great majority of the federal discretionary budget, and most people don’t know that. Our task, now and in future years, is to educate the public on the ways in which we fund those wars and the scale of that funding.”
The research team’s $8 trillion estimate accounts for all direct costs of the country’s post-9/11 wars, including Department of Defense Overseas Contingency Operations funding; State Department war expenditures and counterterror war-related costs, including war-related increases to the Pentagon’s base budget; care for veterans to date and in the future; Department of Homeland Security spending; and interest payments on borrowing for these wars. The total includes funds that the Biden administration requested in May 2021.
The death toll, standing at an estimated 897,000 to 929,000, includes U.S. military members, allied fighters, opposition fighters, civilians, journalists and humanitarian aid workers who were killed as a direct result of war, whether by bombs, bullets or fire. It does not, the researchers noted, include the many indirect deaths the war on terror has caused by way of disease, displacement and loss of access to food or clean drinking water.
“The deaths we tallied are likely a vast undercount of the true toll these wars have taken on human life,” said Neta Crawford, a co-founder of the project and a professor of political science at Boston University. “It’s critical we properly account for the vast and varied consequences of the many U.S. wars and counterterror operations since 9/11, as we pause and reflect on all of the lives lost.”
“ Twenty years from now, we’ll still be reckoning with the high societal costs of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars — long after U.S. forces are gone. ”
Stephanie Savell Co-director, Costs of War project
The report comes at the end of a contentious U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, where Taliban insurgents captured every major city and seized governmental control as American military units worked to extract 123,000 troops, diplomats and allies. Of the $8 trillion, $2.3 trillion is attributed to the Afghanistan/Pakistan war zone, according to the report.
In an address to the nation on Tuesday, Aug. 31, President Joe Biden cited Costs of War estimates to convey the financial and human burden of the 20-year war in Afghanistan as he defended his decision to withdraw from the country.
“We no longer had a clear purpose in an open-ended mission in Afghanistan,” Biden said. “After more than $2 trillion spent in Afghanistan, costs that Brown University researchers estimated would be over $300 million a day for 20 years — yes, the American people should hear this... what have we lost as a consequence, in terms of opportunities? ...I refuse to send America’s sons and daughters to fight a war that should have ended long ago.”
Even as the U.S. exits Afghanistan, Costs of War estimates show that Americans are far from done paying the bill on the war on terror, which continues across multiple continents. The cumulative cost of military intervention in the Iraq/Syria war zone has risen to $2.1 trillion since 9/11, and about $355 billion more has funded military presence in other countries, including Somalia and a handful of African countries.
And when the wars do end, the costs of war will continue to rise, the report notes: A towering $2.2 trillion of the estimated financial total accounts for future care that has already been set aside for military veterans, the researchers said, and the U.S. and other countries could pay the cost of environmental damage wrought by the wars for generations to come.
“What have we truly accomplished in 20 years of post-9/11 wars and at what price?” said Stephanie Savell, co-director of the Costs of War Project and a senior research associate at the Watson Institute. “Twenty years from now, we’ll still be reckoning with the high societal costs of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars — long after U.S. forces are gone.”
The Watson Institute’s virtual event included commentary from multiple researchers associated with the Costs of War Project, U.S. Sen. Jack Reed, D-R.I., and U.S. Reps. Barbara Lee, D-Calif., David Cicilline, D-R.I., and Ro Khanna, D-Calif. It was moderated by Murtaza Hussain, a national security reporter at the Intercept.
The terrorist attacks on the US on September 11, 2001, can be considered a watershed moment in the 21st Century. Its importance in defining the future course of global events is, perhaps, on par with the Russian revolution or the fall of Nazi Germany and atomic annihilation of Nagasaki and Hiroshima.
Two major wars, interventions by the US and NATO in numerous other countries, rise of new terror outfits and new geopolitical alliances and rivalries have marked the responses to 9/11 in the past 20 years.
In 2010, a group of scholars at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University in Rhode Island began work to chronicle the costs of the US interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan and related violence in Pakistan and Syria. The team, called 'The Costs of War Project', recently released figures of the costs incurred by the US and others in responding to 9/11.
The budgetary costs of the post-9/11 wars incurred by the US federal government was estimated by The Costs of War team to be over $8 trillion. Successive US governments, including the Joe Biden administration, have sought $5.8 trillion to react to the 9/11 attacks. This includes expenditure on war zones, homeland security and interest payments on war borrowing.
"The research team’s $8 trillion estimate accounts for all direct costs of the country’s post-9/11 wars, including Department of Defense Overseas Contingency Operations funding; State Department war expenditures and counterterror war-related costs, including war-related increases to the Pentagon’s base budget; care for veterans to date and in the future; Department of Homeland Security spending; and interest payments on borrowing for these wars," Brown University said in a statement.
Future medical care and disability payments for veterans would likely exceed $2.2 trillion, according to The Costs of War project, making for a figure of about $8 trillion in current dollars. The Costs of War project noted the figure of $8 trillion does not include the money spent on humanitarian assistance and development in Afghanistan and Iraq or expenditure by US allies.
Death toll
The Costs of War project notes the death toll in the wars after 9/11 is between 897,000 to 929,000 people. This includes "US military members, allied fighters, opposition fighters, civilians, journalists and humanitarian aid workers who were killed as a direct result of war, whether by bombs, bullets or fire".
also read
From Kochi to Ranchi, NIA avoids controversies over federal rights
'Cheap, small arms becoming weapon of choice of terror groups'
US kills top al-Qaeda leader Qasim al-Rimi in Yemen: Trump
Pakistan bans 11 groups for having links with JuD, JeM terror groups
A total of 7,052 US military personnel have died in the post-9/11 conflicts, with Iraq (4,598 deaths) and Afghanistan (2,324) accounting for the most fatalities. Highlighting the role played by private 'contractors' in the conflicts, a total of 8,189 contractors have lost their lives in these conflicts. Again, Afghanistan (3,917 deaths) and Iraq (3,650) account for the most fatalities.
Civilians account for the largest category of deaths. Civilian fatalities are estimated to be between 363,939 to 387,072, with Iraq accounting for approximately 208,964 deaths, the highest figure for a single country.
Refugees
The post-9/11 conflicts have led to around 38 million people being displaced. Since 2001, 5.9 million people have been displaced in Afghanistan and 3.7 million in Pakistan. Over 9 million people have been displaced in Iraq since 2003, while over 7.1 million have been displaced in Syria since 2014.
The Costs of War project states this figure exceeds people displaced in all conflicts since 1900, with the exception of the Second World War. The researchers caution the figure of 38 million is a "conservative" estimate, noting the the actual number could be closer to 49 million-60 million, rivalling the refugee numbers seen in the Second World War.
On September 10, 2001, then U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld disclosed that his department was unable to account for roughly $2.3 trillion worth of transactions. The next day, the U.S. sustained the terrorist attacks that changed the world, and this startling revelation was forgotten.
When an account discrepancy occurs that cannot be traced, it’s customary to make what is called an “un-documentable adjustment.” This is similar to when your checkbook balance is off by, say, ten dollars; you add or subtract that amount to make everything balance with the bank. In 1999, the amount that the Pentagon adjusted was eight times the Defense Department budget for that year; it was one-third greater than the entire federal budget.
By 2015, the amount reported missing by the Office of the Inspector General had increased to $6.5 trillion—and that was just for the army. Using public data from federal databases, Mark Skidmore, a professor of economics at Michigan State University, found that $21 trillion in unsupported adjustments had been reported by the Defense and Housing and Urban Development departments between 1998 and 2015. That’s about $65,000 for every American.
There is no sign that the government’s internal auditors have made much headway in finding the missing money. Jim Minnery of the Defense Finance and Accounting Service traveled the country in 2002 looking for documents on just $300 million worth of unrecorded spending. “We know it’s gone. But we don’t know what they spent it on,” he said. He was reassigned after suggesting that higher-ups covered up the problem by writing it off. He’s not the only who thinks so. “The books are cooked routinely year after year,” says former defense analyst Franklin C. Spinney.
According to a 2013 Reuters report, the Pentagon is the only federal agency that has not complied with a 1996 law that requires annual audits of all government departments. The Pentagon has spent tens of billions of dollars to upgrade to more efficient technology in order to become audit-ready. But many of these new systems have failed and been scrapped.
Predictably, the government did not race to correct the problem even after investigators sounded the alarm. Skidmore contacted the Office of the Inspector General but was not permitted to speak to anyone who had worked on the corruption report. Both the Congressional Budget Office and the Government Accountability Office assured him that congressional hearings would have been held if there was a significant problem. When Rumsfeld eventually did appear before Congress in March 2005, his testimony offered no substantive answers.
In short: the military doesn’t know how its budget is being spent. The “total military expenditures” that analysts so confidently cite are whatever the Treasury Department says they are, and the individual line items, at least for the army, are for the most part unknown. If money is being diverted from the armed forces, the losses are degrading our defense capability in ways difficult to observe. The same is true on a smaller scale for the Department of Housing and Urban Development, where billions in missing expenditures could have gone to support the perennially cash-strapped federal mortgage-loan program, and possibly other unrelated programs, without congressional knowledge or approval.
Though each passing year diminishes the likelihood that already-disbursed funds will be tracked down, Americans should insist on a renewed effort to rein in future discrepancies. The Trump presidency presents a fresh chance to prioritize accountability, and the president campaigned on robust military spending and reducing government waste. With congressional cooperation, the president should ask the secretaries of the Departments of Defense and of Housing and Urban Development to testify about any misplaced spending, and commission new independent audits of their expenses. This ongoing mismanagement of the public trust—and public dollars—is possibly the greatest silent scandal in America today.
If it were measured as a country, then cybercrime — which is predicted to inflict damages totaling $6 trillion USD globally in 2021 — would be the world’s third-largest economy after the U.S. and China.
Cybersecurity Ventures expects global cybercrime costs to grow by 15 percent per year over the next five years, reaching $10.5 trillion USD annually by 2025, up from $3 trillion USD in 2015. This represents the greatest transfer of economic wealth in history, risks the incentives for innovation and investment, is exponentially larger than the damage inflicted from natural disasters in a year, and will be more profitable than the global trade of all major illegal drugs combined.
The damage cost estimation is based on historical cybercrime figures including recent year-over-year growth, a dramatic increase in hostile nation-state sponsored and organized crime gang hacking activities, and a cyberattack surface which will be an order of magnitude greater in 2025 than it is today.
Cybercrime costs include damage and destruction of data, stolen money, lost productivity, theft of intellectual property, theft of personal and financial data, embezzlement, fraud, post-attack disruption to the normal course of business, forensic investigation, restoration and deletion of hacked data and systems, and reputational harm.
The United States, the world’s largest economy with a nominal GDP of nearly $21.5 trillion, constitutes one-fourth of the world economy, according to data from Nasdaq.
Cybercrime has hit the U.S. so hard that in 2018 a supervisory special agent with the FBI who investigates cyber intrusions told The Wall Street Journal that every American citizen should expect that all of their data (personally identifiable information) has been stolen and is on the dark web — a part of the deep web — which is intentionally hidden and used to conceal and promote heinous activities. Some estimates put the size of the deep web (which is not indexed or accessible by search engines) at as much as 5,000 times larger than the surface web, and growing at a rate that defies quantification.
The dark web is also where cybercriminals buy and sell malware, exploit kits, and cyberattack services, which they use to strike victims — including businesses, governments, utilities, and essential service providers on U.S. soil.
A cyberattack could potentially disable the economy of a city, state or our entire country.
In his 2016 New York Times bestseller — Lights Out: A Cyberattack, A Nation Unprepared, Surviving the Aftermath — Ted Koppel reveals that a major cyberattack on America’s power grid is not only possible but likely, that it would be devastating, and that the U.S. is shockingly unprepared.
Billionaire businessman and philanthropist Warren Buffet calls cybercrime the number one problem with mankind, and cyberattacks a bigger threat to humanity than nuclear weapons.
A bullseye is squarely on our nation’s businesses.
Organized cybercrime entities are joining forces, and their likelihood of detection and prosecution is estimated to be as low as 0.05 percent in the U.S., according to the World Economic Forum’s 2020 Global Risk Report.
RANSOMWARE
Ransomware — a malware that infects computers (and mobile devices) and restricts their access to files, often threatening permanent data destruction unless a ransom is paid — has reached epidemic proportions globally and is the “go-to method of attack” for cybercriminals.
A 2017 report from Cybersecurity Ventures predicted ransomware damages would cost the world $5 billion in 2017, up from $325 million in 2015 — a 15X increase in just two years. The damages for 2018 were estimated at $8 billion, and for 2019 the figure rose to $11.5 billion.
The latest forecast is for global ransomware damage costs to reach $20 billion by 2021 — which is 57X more than it was in 2015.
We predict there will be a ransomware attack on businesses every 11 seconds by 2021, up from every 40 seconds in 2016.
The FBI is particularly concerned with ransomware hitting healthcare providers, hospitals, 911 and first responders. These types of cyberattacks can impact the physical safety of American citizens, and this is the forefront of what Herb Stapleton, FBI cyber division section chief, and his team are focused on.
Last month, ransomware claimed its first life. German authorities reported a ransomware attack caused the failure of IT systems at a major hospital in Duesseldorf, and a woman who needed urgent admission died after she had to be taken to another city for treatment.
Ransomware, now the fastest growing and one of the most damaging types of cybercrime, will ultimately convince senior executives to take the cyber threat more seriously, according to Mark Montgomery, executive director at the U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission (CSC) — but he hopes it doesn’t come to that.
CYBER ATTACK SURFACE
The modern definition of the word “hack” was coined at MIT in April 1955. The first known mention of computer (phone) hacking occurred in a 1963 issue of The Tech. Over the past fifty-plus years, the world’s attack surface has evolved from phone systems to a vast datasphere outpacing humanity’s ability to secure it.
In 2013, IBM proclaimed data promises to be for the 21st century what steam power was for the 18th, electricity for the 19th and hydrocarbons for the 20th.
“We believe that data is the phenomenon of our time,” said Ginni Rometty, IBM Corp.’s executive chairman, in 2015, addressing CEOs, CIOs and CISOs from 123 companies in 24 industries at a conference in New York City. “It is the world’s new natural resource. It is the new basis of competitive advantage, and it is transforming every profession and industry. If all of this is true — even inevitable — then cyber crime, by definition, is the greatest threat to every profession, every industry, every company in the world.”
The world will store 200 zettabytes of data by 2025, according to Cybersecurity Ventures. This includes data stored on private and public IT infrastructures, on utility infrastructures, on private and public cloud data centers, on personal computing devices — PCs, laptops, tablets, and smartphones — and on IoT (Internet-of-Things) devices.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly half the U.S. labor force is working from home, according to Stanford University. As employees generate, access, and share more data remotely through cloud apps, the number of security blind spots balloons.
It’s predicted that the total amount of data stored in the cloud — which includes public clouds operated by vendors and social media companies (think Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Twitter, etc.), government-owned clouds that are accessible to citizens and businesses, private clouds owned by mid-to-large-sized corporations, and cloud storage providers — will reach 100 zettabytes by 2025, or 50 percent of the world’s data at that time, up from approximately 25 percent stored in the cloud in 2015.
Roughly one million more people join the internet every day. We expect there will be 6 billion people connected to the internet interacting with data in 2022, up from 5 billion in 2020 — and more than 7.5 billion internet users in 2030.
Cyber threats have expanded from targeting and harming computers, networks, and smartphones — to people, cars, railways, planes, power grids and anything with a heartbeat or an electronic pulse. Many of these Things are connected to corporate networks in some fashion, further complicating cybersecurity.
By 2023, there will be 3X more networked devices on Earth than humans, according to a report from Cisco. And by 2022, 1 trillion networked sensors will be embedded in the world around us, with up to 45 trillion in 20 years.
IP traffic has reached an annual run rate of 2.3 zettabytes in 2020, up from an annual run rate of 870.3 exabytes in 2015.
Data is the building block of the digitized economy, and the opportunities for innovation and malice around it are incalculable.
CYBERSECURITY SPENDING
In 2004, the global cybersecurity market was worth $3.5 billion — and in 2017 it was worth more than $120 billion. The cybersecurity market grew by roughly 35X during that 13-year period — prior to the latest market sizing by Cybersecurity Ventures.
Global spending on cybersecurity products and services for defending against cybercrime is projected to exceed $1 trillion cumulatively over the five-year period from 2017 to 2021.
“Most cybersecurity budgets at U.S. organizations are increasing linearly or flat, but the cyberattacks are growing exponentially,” says CSC’s Montgomery. This simple observation should be a wake-up call for C-suite executives.
Healthcare has lagged behind other industries and the tantalizing target on its back is attributable to outdated IT systems, fewer cybersecurity protocols and IT staff, extremely valuable data, and the pressing need for medical practices and hospitals to pay ransoms quickly to regain data. The healthcare industry will respond by spending $125 billion cumulatively from 2020 to 2025 to beef up its cyber defenses.
The FY 2020 U.S. President’s Budget includes $17.4 billion of budget authority for cybersecurity-related activities, a $790 million (5 percent) increase above the FY 2019 estimate, according to The White House. Due to the sensitive nature of some activities, this amount does not represent the entire cyber budget.
Cybersecurity Ventures anticipates 12-15 percent year-over-year cybersecurity market growth through 2025. While that may be a respectable increase, it pales in comparison to the cybercrime costs incurred.
SMALL BUSINESS
“There are 30 million small businesses in the U.S. that need to stay safe from phishing attacks, malware spying, ransomware, identity theft, major breaches and hackers who would compromise their security,” says Scott Schober, author of the popular books “Hacked Again” and “Cybersecurity Is Everybody’s Business.”
More than half of all cyberattacks are committed against small-to-midsized businesses (SMBs), and 60 percent of them go out of business within six months of falling victim to a data breach or hack.
66 percent of SMBs had at least one cyber incident in the past two years, according to Mastercard.
“Small and medium sized businesses lack the financial resources and skill set to combat the emerging cyber threat,” says Scott E. Augenbaum, former supervisory special agent at the FBI’s Cyber Division, Cyber Crime Fraud Unit, where he was responsible for managing the FBI’s Cyber Task Force Program and Intellectual Property Rights Program.
A Better Business Bureau survey found that for small businesses — which make up more than 97 percent of total businesses in North America — the primary challenges for more than 55 percent of them in order to develop a cybersecurity plan are a lack of resources or knowledge.
Ransomware attacks are of particular concern. “The cost of ransomware has skyrocketed and that’s a huge concern for small businesses — and it doesn’t look like there’s any end in sight,” adds Schober.
AI AUGMENTS CYBER DEFENDERS
You don’t bring a knife to a gunfight.
The U.S. has a total employed cybersecurity workforce consisting of nearly 925,000 people, and there are currently almost 510,000 unfilled positions, according to Cyber Seek, a project supported by the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE), a program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Faced with a domestic worker shortage, the heads of U.S. cyber defense forces — CIOs and CISOs at America’s mid-sized to largest businesses — are beginning to augment their staff with next-generation AI and ML (machine learning) software and appliances aimed at detecting cyber intruders. These AI systems are trained on big data sets collected over decades — and they can analyze terabytes of data per day, a scale unimaginable for humans.
The panacea for a CISO is an AI system resembling a human expert’s investigative and reporting techniques so that cyber threats are remediated BEFORE the damage is done.
If enemies are using AI to launch cyberattacks, then our country’s businesses need to use AI to defend themselves.
FOR THE BOARDROOM
Cybersecurity begins at the top.
CSC has an urgent message for boardroom and C-suite executives: The status quo in cyberspace is unacceptable, which is spelled out in its groundbreaking 2020 Report which proposes a strategy of layered cyber deterrence — to protect all U.S. businesses and governments from cybercrime and cyberwarfare. But, this is hardly the first warning. “Some of the same things we’re recommending today, we were pushing 23 years ago,” says Montgomery.
Someone should be in the boardroom who will wave the red flag and get everyone else paying attention to the severity of cyber risks. Montgomery says attention is the number one priority, not bringing in a new CISO — instead empower the CISO that you have.
The value of a business depends largely on how well it guards its data, the strength of its cybersecurity, and its level of cyber resilience.
If there’s one takeaway from this report, then let it be this: Don’t let your boardroom be the weakest cybersecurity link.
U.S. BUDGETARY COSTS The vast economic impact of the U.S. post-9/11 wars goes beyond the Pentagon's "Overseas Contigency Operations" (War) budget. This chart and the attached paper estimate the more comprehensive budgetary costs of the wars.
Posted on September 1, 2021
https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/BudgetaryCosts
False Jews: Edomites & European Converts
In the time of Nebuchadnezzar II the Edomites may have helped plunder Jerusalem and slaughter the Judaeans in 587 or 586 BCE (Psalms 137:7; Obadiah 1:11–14). Some believe that it is for this reason the prophets denounced Edom (Isaiah 34:5–8; Jeremiah 49:7–22; Obadiah passim).
Evidence also suggests that at that time Edom may have engaged in a treaty betrayal of Judah.[48] The people of Edom would be dealt with during the Messiah's rulership, according to the prophets.
Regarding the territory of Edom, the book of Jeremiah states that "no one will live there, nor will anyone of mankind reside in it"
The world can not for very much longer deny the true identity of the Biblical Israelites. Excavated archeology, unbiased and unadulterated history, various confessions from Israeli’s, Arabs, Egyptians, and Europeans, and last but not least Biblical prophecy all clearly and without doubt, reveals that the true, historic, Biblical Israelites, are a black people that have been scattered into slavery and cursed by God.
God told the nation of Israel that one of their many curses for disobedience would be that he would cause their “identity to cease from among men” (Deuteronomy 32).
This lost of identity culminated around 70 A.D. when Titus besieged Jerusalem and the hebrews of the land were either killed or displaced into Africa before being dispersed into all nations (via the slave trades) as prophesied by Jesus in Luke 21:24.
Israel’s captivity and lost of identity paved the way for another group of people to steal and appropriate the identity of the true, black Israelites that have been scattered into captivity and cursed by God.
This treacherous and abominable event is why the world does not know who the true Israelites are.
Thankfully, nothing can be hidden from God and since he has told the end from the beginning, he has revealed, uncovered, and exposed the perpetrators of his chosen people all throughout the Bible and History.
Let us look at the words of Jesus himself, to prove this:
Revelation 2:9
King James Version (KJV)
9 I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan.
Revelation 3:9
King James Version (KJV)
9 Behold, I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they are Jews, and are not, but do lie; behold, I will make them to come and worship before thy feet, and to know that I have loved thee.
It is clear that there are a group of people purporting to be the Biblical, original Jews, when in reality, they are not. Since we are dealing with identity, it is imperative that we examine history to assist us in unveiling who these purporting Jews really are. There are two main branches of lying “Jews” in the world today:
1) Edomites (Jacob’s twin brother) – a SEMITIC (non-European) group of people who stole Jacob’s (Israel) identity as prophesied in the Bible.
2) Ashkenazi Jews/Khazars – a group of Europeans who converted to Judaism (not Esau).
In 1982, Ella J. Hughley wrote a book called “The Truth About Black Biblical Hebrew-Israelites Jews: the Worlds Best Kept Secret.” Hughley’s chapter, “The White European Jews” was compelling and thought provoking as it aimed at answering questions such as:
1) Who are the White European Jews?
2) When did they convert to Judaism?
3) Are the “Jews” a race?
These questions are of utmost importance. Hughley writes, “Esau is the father of the white (in color but not in nationality) Edomites, also known as Idumeans, who, with other ethnic groups such as the Khazars (white Europeans/Caucasians) and others, make up modern Jewry as it is known today” (p. 35). “Khazars” are Southern Turkish Europeans who came into Israel after the Israelites were kicked out.
Hugely is not alone in her findings. The Hungarian-British author and journalist, Arthur Koestler published a book entitled, “The Thirteenth Tribe” in 1976. Koestler argued that the Ashkenazi Jews are descendants of the Khazars rather than biblical Israelites. Hughley references Koestler in this chapter.
In 2008, Israeli professor of History at Tel Aviv University, Shlomo Sand published “The Invention of the Jewish People”. Originally in Hebrew, his work (2008) proved that people commonly known as Jewish, never really existed as a ‘nation-race’ with a biblical origin, but rather they consist of descendants from the medieval Eurasian state of Khazaria.
He mentions how they adopted the customs known as Judaism today. Genesis 10, commonly known as the “Table of Nations”, traces the lineage of the European converts to Noah’s son, Japheth whose descendants are commonly referred to as “Gentiles” in the bible but by historians as the “Indo-European stock”.
As for the Khazar’s conversion, “The Khazars (white Europeans/Japhetic in origins) converted to Judaism in 740 A.D. According to The Jewish Encyclopedia, (Vol. V, (1904), p 41), the Khazars are “A people of Turkish origin whose life and history are interwoven with the very beginnings of the history of the Jews in Russia . . . Historical evidence points to the region of the Urals as the home of the Chazars”.
Ashkenazi Jewish author and historian, the late Arthur Koestler agrees that the large majority of Jews are of Khazar and not Semitic origin. “That their ancestors came not from the Jordan but from the Volga, not from Canaan, but from the Caucasus; . . . and that genetically they are more closely related to the Hun, Uigur and Magyar tribes than to the seed of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob”.
Historian H.G. Wells states, “. . . the Idumeans (Edomites) were . . . made Jews, . . . and a Turkish people (Khazars) were mainly Jews in South Russia . . . The main part of Jewry never was in Judea and had never come out of Judea” (The Outline of History, 3rd Edition., p 494).
Esau is not “The White Man” aka European
Jacob-Esau-Resized
It is important to note that contrary to popular belief the Ashkenazi/Khazar’s are GENTILES and are NOT EDOM/ESAU like many tend to believe. It is also important to understand that ESAU (not the European convert jews) are the the current day ISRAELI’S and are responsible for stealing Israel’s identity.
Esau is a descendant from Isaac and twin brother of Jacob in Genesis 25, which makes him Semitic.
The White Man (Gentiles) comes from Japheth in Genesis 10
This is one of the reasons why people call Esau, the White Man:
In Hebrew, the word Ashkenazi means “German” and the term is used for Jews of Eastern European origin who historically spoke the Yiddish or Judeo-German language. Arthur Koestler’s “Thirteenth Tribe” narrative motivated a few biologists like Dr. Eran Elhaik to likewise claim that contemporary Jews are Khazars, not the Israelite descendants of Abraham and Sarah. (Hitler’s Doubles, Peter Fotis Kapnistos, p. 157)
However, you don’t have to make Esau out to be Gentiles to prove that they are not Israelites. When we understand the Bible we realize that people are not “mixed” or “bi-racial”, rather we are all simply whatever nationality our Father is. Like Timothy was a Greek even tho his mother was a Jew which is just like Bob Marley who was a Gentile because his father was a white man even tho his mother was black.
Therefore, we should not get caught up on color. This whole thing is not about color, it is about nationality. Color does not mean anything because genetically speaking, Israel – a dark skinned people are more closely linked to Esau who is considered “red” than to Hamites (Africans) who are also dark skinned.
Furthermore, the Edomites and Gentiles understand that they are not the same group of people. Thus, it is only misinformed people that confuse the two groups. That is why the Edomites will label white people as anti-semitic and call them racist slurs like honkey’s and that is why many white Nationalists are anti-Jewish and are apart of controversial organizations such as the American Nazi party.
The below article – DNA Samples Confirm Ashkenazi Jews are from European Descent” shows us that Ashkenazi Jews maternal/mother lineage comes from Europe. But they are of Edom descendants because you are what you father is, therefore they are not Gentiles.
When Edom disappeared from history around 70 AD the Edomites migrated to Europe. It is only around 1948 that many of them moved into the state of Israel which was created by the “White Men” of Britain and the United Nations.
So if the false theory of the Jews being mostly Khazar or Ashkenazi (Gentiles) is true, then you should ask yourself, where are the Edomites? Because the Lord said that the Edomites are the ones that occupy the Promised Land.
Jeremiah 49:10
King James Version (KJV)
10 But I have made Esau bare, I have uncovered his secret places, and he shall not be able to hide himself: his seed is spoiled, and his brethren, and his neighbours, and he is not.
This article from the Science World Report shows the migration of the Edomites and how they travelled into Europe and took wives from the Europeans which is also another reason why they look similar to Europeans even tho they are not Europeans.
Now that we know who the European Jews mainly consist of, let us turn to the main perpetrators of Israel’s identity, the Israeli’s that call themselves Jews and do lie, are none other than Jacob’s semitic twin brother, Esau/Edom aka Idumeans.
To understand this appropriation in its totality we must refer back to the prophets of the Bible and the history of Jacob and Esau as recorded in Genesis 25-27.
While pregnant, the God of Israel told their mother Rebekah that she had two separate nations (one would be black and the other red and hairy) in her womb and that the Elder would serve the younger. Edom (the elder) ended up selling his birthright to Jacob for some red pottage.
Many theologians and writers on this topic erroneously infer that Jacob stole Esau’s birthright. However, this is a false assertion that is cleared up with the scriptures.
It is very clear that enmity existed between these two brothers while they were in the womb (Genesis 25:22-23). More importantly, Jacob did not steal Esau’s birthright as it is explicitly recorded twice in the bible that Esau sold his birthright to Jacob in Genesis 25:31-33 and Hebrews 12:16.
We do not read that Jacob stole Esau’s birthright, we read that Esau sold his birthright to Jacob.
Yet, even after he sold his birthright/blessing, he still tried to receive the blessing from Isaac that went to Jacob which shows his cunningness.
Even though Esau did not receive his birthright he did receive another blessing from Isaac which included him inheriting the fatness (or wealth) of the earth, which is why they are known to be inherently wealthy, bankers, financiers, money changers, and control many of the wealthiest Western industries such as Hollywood.
Jacob (the younger), ended up receiving the birthright which included his name being changed to Israel (Genesis 32:24-28), inheriting the land of Canaan (Exodus 3:6-10), and being commissioned as a holy nation of priests and kings to all kindred’s and tongues (Exodus 19:5-6).
They entered into a covenant with God and God promised that if they would obey Him and keep his commandments that their land, sustenance, children, and all that they owned and did would be blessed (Deuteronomy 28:1-14).
However, if they were to disobey God and break his commandments then he would curse their entire nation with affliction, oppression, and disease, remove them from the Promised Land and scatter them into slavery throughout the world by way of slave ships (Deuteronomy 28:15-68). Unfortunately for the nation of Israel, they choose to rebel against God and break his commandments.
Therefore, he put them under the divine curse that he forewarned them of (Daniel 9). The curses of Israel which include deplorable socio-economic conditions in slavery as well as their physical description proves that the Edomites or the one’s claiming to be Jews today are not the Biblical Israelites.
The Edomites took advantage of their brother’s destruction and since they have always thought that they deserved the birthright which they sold, they used this opportunity to appropriate Jacob’s land, heritage and identity.
13243945_1623870251267821_4745319374872364484_o
There is a great deal of historic sources that explain the gradual process of how the Edomites converted to what is known as Judaism, occupied the land of Israel, and eventually became known as the biblical Israelites.
For the Edomites, this process started as early as the 6th century B.C.E. as a result of forced migration by the hands of the Nabateans (who are reported a Northern Arabian tribe).
They were driven out of their own land commonly known as Idumea and inhabited Southern Judea. How were they able to occupy Southern Judah? God had foretold that the Israelites would be taken into captivity by the Babylonians for 70 years (Jeremiah 25:3-12).
During this time, the Edomites were forced out of their land by the Nabateans and started to settle in Southern Judah. Eventually, Cyrus, the king of Persia, proclaims an edict that allows Israel to go back into Judah and rebuild the third temple after their 70 year captivity in Babylon (Ezra 1:1-3).
When Israel returned to Judah after their 70 year captivity, they were cut of from Hebron because the Edomites had established themselves there. This was the beginning of their identity theft.
Atlas of the Bible, p. 148 – The Return :
“At some point, but no later than 522BC, a second great group of Babylonian Jews came to Jerusalem and then settled, each to his own town. The list of these towns in Ezra 2:2-35 and Nehemiah 7:6-38, indicate that the returning of Jews, established themselves in an area, roughly 40 miles east to west by 30 miles north to south in the hill country of Judah. On the east, they extended to the Jordan valley around Jericho, while to the west, they penetrated the coastal plain, settling in Lod and Ono. To the North, they reached beyond the old border of Judah to Bethel. In the South, they held strategic sites of Beth-Zur, but were cut off from Hebron, which was in the hands of the Edomites. Although the area was small, the Jews controlled vital approaches to the highlands. Yet, they could not be secure until Jerusalem, the leading city and place of ultimate refuge was refortified.”
The Sarcophagus of an Ancient Civilization: Petra, Edom, and the Edomites (Idumeans) p. 369-370 – History of the Idumeans.:
“Judea and Idumea, (Sir) George Adam Smith (theologian and historian) made Idumea of that time, to include the southern shepolah, with the Negev. Adding that the Edomites had come upon it during the Jewish exile and after the return of the Jews, they continued to hold the greater part of it. Whatever the extent of Idumea originally may have been, it is certain that when the sons of Esau came into Palestine in the 6th century BC, they settled in close juxtaposition and stood face to face with their age old brothers and rivals, the sons of Jacob. Whether Cyrus in 536 BC dislodged them from certain parts of Judah in order to give the returning exiles of Israel a foothold, we do not know.
But it is more likely as Ewald observed three quarters of a century ago, that this monarch was by no means prepared to expel the Idumeans from the land which they had already occupied and cultivated for 50 or 60 years. On the other hand, the prophet Malachi points to them as the object of Jehovah’s displeasure in his day as a people; “Against whom Jehovah had indication forever, Saying Jacob have I loved but Esau have I hated”. By which He probably meant that the Israelites have already been brought back from captivity but the Edomites are still in exile, having been expelled by the Nabateans. During all of the centuries of their occupation of Judah, the Jews regarded them with suspicion.
Their unbrotherly treatment of them on the occasion of Jerusalem’s downfall in 586 BC was never forgotten. In 164 BC, Judas Maccabee’s fought them with triumphant success. Less than 50 years thereafter, John Hyrcanus completely conquered them, not only wrestling from them two of their most powerful strongholds, Adorah and Maresha, and placing them under a Jewish governor, but compelling them also to submit to circumcision and the Jewish law.”
In an article on “Edom”, the Jewish Encyclopdia (1925 edition), has this statement: ”(In 163BC) Judas Maccabeus conquered their territory for a time. They were again subdued by John Hyrcanus (about 125 BC), by whom they were forced to observe Jewish rites and laws.
They were then incorporated with the Jewish nation, and their country was called by the Greeks and Romans, “Idumea.” With Antipater began the Idumean dynasty that ruled over Judea till its conquest by the Romans . . . From this time the Idumeans ceased to be a separate people . . .”
So a hundred years before Christ, Judah was inhabited by Edomites and native Israelites who were both followers of Talmudic Judaism, seeming to heal the breach between Jacob and Esau. But the Edomites proved to be a discordant element. And in 37BC, Herod the Great (74-4BC), an Idumean or Edomite whose wife Mariamne was a Maccabean, became at the age of 36, undisputed ruler of Judea.
The Pharisees gained ascendancy over the Sadducees, and there were so many Edomites in the population at the time of Christ that the land was called Idumea (Mark 3:8). The Edomites participated in the defence of Jerusalem against the Romans during Titus’ siege (AD66-70).
According to The Jewish Encyclopedia (1904, Vol. V, p 41), “Immediately before the siege of Jerusalem 20,000 Idumeans appeared before Jerusalem to fight in behalf of the Zealots who were besieged in the Temple”. More than a million inhabitants of Judea died and 97,000 were taken captive. An unknown number had fled either before or during the siege.
Drawing on the record of Flavius Josephus’ The Great Roman Jewish War: 70 A.D. we are informed that Hasmonean leader, John Hyracanus conquered the entire land of Edom “and undertook the forced conversion of its inhabitants to Judaism”.
This is when the Edomites became a section of the Jewish people. Josephus also points out that the tyrannical king Herod was in fact an Edomite who was appointed king of Judea by the Romans in 40 B.C.E. and by 6 B.C.E., “Edom became part of the Roman province of Judea” (p. 43-44).
they left black
In 70 A.D., they assisted the Romans to help Emperor Titus besiege Jerusalem, and as a result many Israelites were crucified, starved, and to escape persecution almost all of the Jews fled into North Africa.
Luke 21:20-24
King James Version (KJV)
20 And when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that the desolation thereof is nigh.
21 Then let them which are in Judaea flee to the mountains; and let them which are in the midst of it depart out; and let not them that are in the countries enter thereinto.
22 For these be the days of vengeance, that all things which are written may be fulfilled.
23 But woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck, in those days! for there shall be great distress in the land, and wrath upon this people.
24 And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled.
Arch_of_Titus_Menorah
The last Two Million Years, pg. 87 – Faith survives the dispersion:
“The crucifixion of Jesus about AD 30 did not end Jewish resistance to the Roman occupation. In 70, when the country was again in a state of revolt, Jerusalem, the holy city, became the core of resistance to the Romans. Titus, the son of Emperor Vespasian preceded to lay siege to Jerusalem. The city fall and the inhabitants were enslaved in their thousands and dispersed throughout the Mediterranean world. This was the first dispersion and worse was yet to follow. Continual insurrections and revolts again Roman rule led to the total destruction of Jerusalem in 135. The city was renamed Aelia Capitolina and all Jews were prohibited from entering it. A second and more important dispersion not took place and the whole of Judea was renamed, Palestine.”
Once the Roman siege and occupation of Israel took place – in which the Edomites helped to achieve – they were able to completely inhabit the land of Israel.
Obadiah 1-3, 8-15
King James Version (KJV)
1 The vision of Obadiah. Thus saith the Lord God concerning Edom; We have heard a rumour from the Lord, and an ambassador is sent among the heathen, Arise ye, and let us rise up against her in battle.
2 Behold, I have made thee small among the heathen: thou art greatly despised.
3 The pride of thine heart hath deceived thee, thou that dwellest in the clefts of the rock, whose habitation is high; that saith in his heart, Who shall bring me down to the ground?
8 Shall I not in that day, saith the Lord, even destroy the wise men out of Edom, and understanding out of the mount of Esau?
9 And thy mighty men, O Teman, shall be dismayed, to the end that every one of the mount of Esau may be cut off by slaughter.
10 For thy violence against thy brother Jacob shame shall cover thee, and thou shalt be cut off for ever.
11 In the day that thou stoodest on the other side, in the day that the strangers carried away captive his forces, and foreigners entered into his gates, and cast lots upon Jerusalem, even thou wast as one of them.
12 But thou shouldest not have looked on the day of thy brother in the day that he became a stranger; neither shouldest thou have rejoiced over the children of Judah in the day of their destruction; neither shouldest thou have spoken proudly in the day of distress.
13 Thou shouldest not have entered into the gate of my people in the day of their calamity; yea, thou shouldest not have looked on their affliction in the day of their calamity, nor have laid hands on their substance in the day of their calamity;
14 Neither shouldest thou have stood in the crossway, to cut off those of his that did escape; neither shouldest thou have delivered up those of his that did remain in the day of distress.
15 For the day of the Lord is near upon all the heathen: as thou hast done, it shall be done unto thee: thy reward shall return upon thine own head.
Edom/Esau/Idumean disappears from Geography and History in 70 A.D. – The same year that Rome sieges Jerusalem and the Biblical Israelites go into captivity! This was able to take place because they moved into the land of Israel!
Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary p. 233-234 – Edom:
“Edomites, the nation and its people who are descendants of Esau. He founded the country, so his name is equated with Edom. The country was also called Sier or Mount Sier, which was the name of the territory in which the Edomites lived. The mountain and the plateau area between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. About 100 miles long and up to 40 miles wide. The Edomites were also subject to Babylon. Under the Persian Empire, Edom became a province called Idumea, the Greek form of Edom. In 325 BC, an Arab tribe known as the Nabateans, conquered the Eastern part of Edom’s territory. In Maccabean times, John Hyrcanus subdued the Idumeans and forced them to accept Judaism. When the Romans took over Palestine, the Edomites also were included. From Idumea came Antipater, the Father of Herod the Great. He became pro-curator of Judea. After the destruction of Jerusalem, by the Romans, in 70 AD, the Idumeans disappeared from history.
Map of Southern Levant c830 BCE – Edom is on the map, south of the Kingdom of Judah.
Map_of_the_Levant
First Century Map of Judea – Idumea was still on the map.
A_history_of_the_Jewish_people_during_the_Maccabean_and_Roman_periods_(including_New_Testament_times)_(1900)_(14576629399)
World Scope Encyclopedia, Volume 5 & 6 – Edom
“Meaning Red, the name given to Esau on account of the red pottage secured by him by his brother Jacob. The name was also given to the country settled by Esau, having been previously known as Mount. Seir. It was about one hundred miles long and twenty miles wide, and was situated between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba, in land from the Red Sea. Bozrah, now Busaira, situated in the extreme northern part, was the chief city and the capital. During the reigns of David and Solomon, Edom was under subjection to the Israelites. Later, the Edomites ravaged the southern borders of Palestine and were denounced with considerable vehemence, by some of the prophets of Israel. After the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD, the name of Edom or Idumea disappeared from Geography.”
Palestine today (Idumea disappears off map)
maps-palestine-today
Edom was able to disappear from history after the Roman conquest of Jerusalem because the indigenous Israelites were subdued, removed from their land, and sent into slavery.
King David prophecies about the confederacy that Esau (Israeli’s) and Ishmael (Palestinians) conspired in order to distort the memory of Israel (they have done this because the masses do not know who the true Israelites are), remove them from their land, and take the land of Israel for their own possession.
Esau and Ishmael are rivals and the only time they have agreed was when they are working together to take Israel’s name out of existence.
Israelies-Puerta-Damasco-Jerusalen-AP_LNCIMA20130730_0033_3
Psalm 83:1-6
King James Version (KJV)
1 Keep not thou silence, O God: hold not thy peace, and be not still, O God.
2 For, lo, thine enemies make a tumult: and they that hate thee have lifted up the head.
3 They have taken crafty counsel against thy people, and consulted against thy hidden ones.
4 They have said, Come, and let us cut them off from being a nation; that the name of Israel may be no more in remembrance.
5 For they have consulted together with one consent: they are confederate against thee:
6 The tabernacles of Edom, and the Ishmaelites; of Moab, and the Hagarenes;
12 Who said, Let us take to ourselves the houses of God in possession.
blog14
God foretold that Edom (Mt. Sier) would possess the land of Israel and say that Israel and Judah belonged to them! This was fulfilled in 1982.
Ezekiel 35
King James Version (KJV)
35 Moreover the word of the Lord came unto me, saying,
2 Son of man, set thy face against mount Seir, and prophesy against it,
3 And say unto it, Thus saith the Lord God; Behold, O mount Seir, I am against thee, and I will stretch out mine hand against thee, and I will make thee most desolate.
4 I will lay thy cities waste, and thou shalt be desolate, and thou shalt know that I am the Lord.
5 Because thou hast had a perpetual hatred, and hast shed the blood of the children of Israel by the force of the sword in the time of their calamity, in the time that their iniquity had an end:
6 Therefore, as I live, saith the Lord God, I will prepare thee unto blood, and blood shall pursue thee: sith thou hast not hated blood, even blood shall pursue thee.
7 Thus will I make mount Seir most desolate, and cut off from it him that passeth out and him that returneth.
8 And I will fill his mountains with his slain men: in thy hills, and in thy valleys, and in all thy rivers, shall they fall that are slain with the sword.
9 I will make thee perpetual desolations, and thy cities shall not return: and ye shall know that I am the Lord.
10 Because thou hast said, These two nations and these two countries shall be mine, and we will possess it; whereas the Lord was there:
11 Therefore, as I live, saith the Lord God, I will even do according to thine anger, and according to thine envy which thou hast used out of thy hatred against them; and I will make myself known among them, when I have judged thee.
12 And thou shalt know that I am the Lord, and that I have heard all thy blasphemies which thou hast spoken against the mountains of Israel, saying, They are laid desolate, they are given us to consume.
13 Thus with your mouth ye have boasted against me, and have multiplied your words against me: I have heard them.
14 Thus saith the Lord God; When the whole earth rejoiceth, I will make thee desolate.
15 As thou didst rejoice at the inheritance of the house of Israel, because it was desolate, so will I do unto thee: thou shalt be desolate, O mount Seir, and all Idumea, even all of it: and they shall know that I am the Lord.
Menachem Begin
Sun Times Article, September 9th, 1982 – “West Bank forever vows Begin”:
“Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin vehemently rejected president Reagan’s Middle East peace initiative Wednesday, and declared that the occupied West Bank will be for the Jewish people for all generations. Pounding the podium for emphasis, Begin told the tumultuous session of the parliament, that Reagan’s plan was “unacceptable because it would endanger our lives, our homeland, the lands of our fathers, and sons”… “The world will witness whose dedication will win” Begin said, “if someone tried to take Judea and Samaria, the West Bank from us, we will tell him, Judea and Samaria for the Jewish people for all generations”.
This is why Jesus exposed the blasphemous Edomites who have appropriated the identity of the true Jews!!
Revelation 3:9
King James Version (KJV)
9 Behold, I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they are Jews, and are not, but do lie; behold, I will make them to come and worship before thy feet, and to know that I have loved thee.
CONCLUSION:
The Edomites and Khazars, along with many other Indo-European ethnic groups, make up modern Jewery.
Christians and non-Christians need to realize that the people who are in the land of Israel today are not the Hebrews or Jews of the Bible and therefore, they should not be supported and more importantly they should not be followed spiritually because as seen above they are the synagogue of Satan which means that they are not worshipping God.
Although the black Hebrew-Israelites are the real descendants of ancient Israel and God’s chosen people that the world must follow for salvation, this truth is not known by many and it is the world’s best kept secret.
the kingship of Edom was, at least in early times, not hereditary, perhaps elective.
The first book of Chronicles mentions both a king and chieftains.
Moses and the Israelite people twice appealed to their common ancestry and asked the king of Edom for passage through his land, along the "King's Highway", on their way to Canaan, but the king refused permission.
Accordingly, they detoured around the country because of his show of force or because God ordered them to do so rather than wage war (Deuteronomy 2:4–6). The King of Edom did not attack the Israelites, though he prepared to resist aggression.
Nothing further is recorded of the Edomites in the Tanakh until their defeat by King Saul of Israel in the late 11th century BC (1 Samuel 14:47).
Forty years later King David and his general Joab defeated the Edomites in the "Valley of Salt" (probably near the Dead Sea; 2 Samuel 8:13–14; 1 Kings 9:15–16). An Edomite prince named Hadad escaped and fled to Egypt, and after David's death returned and tried to start a rebellion, but failed and went to Syria (Aramea).
From that time Edom remained a vassal of Israel.
David placed over the Edomites Israelite governors or prefects, and this form of government seems to have continued under Solomon.
When Israel divided into two kingdoms Edom became a dependency of the Kingdom of Judah. In the time of Jehoshaphat (c. 870 – 849 BC) the Tanakh mentions a king of Edom, who was probably an Israelite deputy appointed by the King of Judah. It also states that the inhabitants of Mount Seir invaded Judea in conjunction with Ammon and Moab, and that the invaders turned against one another and were all destroyed (2 Chronicles 20:10–23).
Edom revolted against Jehoram and elected a king of its own (2 Kings 8:20–22; 2 Chronicles 21:8).
Amaziah attacked and defeated the Edomites, seizing Selah, but the Israelites never subdued Edom completely (2 Kings 14:7; 2 Chronicles 25:11–12).
In 247 B.C., the year Hannibal Barca was born, the Carthage empire was about 500 years old. Known as one of the greatest strategist in military history, the battles of Hannibal would strike a turning point in the history of the continent that would be called Africa.
Carthage had been settled by Phoenicians as a city-state in North Africa near the current Tunis. In his 1961 work, French Historian Gabriel Audisio comments that he considered "Hannibal to be neither a Phoenician, nor a Carthaginian, nor a Punic, but a North African... The majority of the Punic populace seems to have had African, indeed Negroid, ancestry."
Whether described as Carthaginians, Phoenicians, or Punics of North Africa, according to Audisio's research they were certainly a mix of aboriginal North Africans that included the native Berbers, Moors and other groups.
The Phoenicians were a Semitic language people. English writers and speakers can thank the Phoenicians for the current English phonic system. The English Alphabets were borrowed from the Phoenician script. Their cultural influence was wide throughout the Mediterranean Sea nations. They were known as skilled sea merchant traders. They ruled in pre-Roman and pre-historic Iberia (currently Spain and Portugal nations on the Iberian Peninsula), until losing against Rome in the Third Punic War. The city of Carthage was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC.
There is no picture of Hannibal in existence today. The coin above is frequently presented by commentators as a representation of Hannibal and his legacy of tamed elephants. While this writer was not able to find an academic source for this coin to confirm its date -- which was more than 2,000 years ago. The existence of such coinage during some point during our common age is no surprise in light of Hannibal's historical legacy.
What we do have are descriptions of Hannibal by commentators of his time. According to the Roman historian Levy of the first century of our era, Hannibal was "fearless, utterly prudent in danger, indefatigable, able to endure heat and cold, controlled in eating habits, unpretentious in dress, willing to sleep wrapped in military cloak, a superb rider and horseman." He was the son of the Carthage general Hamilcar Barca. There is no knowledge of his mother in the history records, not even her name. He had two brothers: Hasdrubal resided in Spain and Maharbal was captain of Hannibal's calvary.
Carthage and Rome were at war during the First Punic War (264-241 B.C.). Both empires were seeking supremacy over the Mediterranean. Hannibal's father, Hamilcar Barca, general of the Carthaginian mercenaries, was infuriated about the western Mediterranean losses of Sicily and Sardinia. When Hannibal was 17 years old, however, his father was killed in an ambush in Spain, which was primarily under the rule of the North African empire. Hannibal would son step fully into his military career.
In October 218 B.C., during the Second Punic War, Hannibal had arrived at the Alps. His soldiers are said to have stretched for more than eight miles at the Alps, the foothills of the Roman Empire. Hannibal's army of 100,000 men would trek and fight 1,500 miles to arrive at the Alps from Spain. Hannibal armies included Numidians, North Africans from an area roughly where Algeria now draws its boundaries. The Numidians were known as master horsemen who could guide their horses with their knees, leaving their hands free to use swords and throw javelins.They had fought attacks from European tribes like the Gauls.
Hannibal is said to have given this speech to the army of men who had survived and crossed the swift-flowing Rhone river:
"Why are you afraid?... The greater part of our journey is accomplished. We have surmounted the Pyrenees; we have crossed the Rhone, that mighty river, in spite of the opposition of thousands of Gauls and the fury of the river itself. Now we have the Alps in sight. On the other side of those mountains lies Italy.... Does anyone imagine the Alps to be anything but what they are--lofty mountains. No part of the earth reaches the sky, or is insurmountable to mankind. The Alps produce and support living things. If they are passable by a few men, they are passable to armies."
Hannibal lost half of his army in the first two weeks into the Alps. Landslides were touched off by mountain tribes. Men died during hand battle with tribesmen. Starvation and disease were also companions of the embattled lot. Polybus, a Greek historian and contemporary to Hannibal, described Hannibal's arrival to the Po Valley with about 26,000 men. At the Po Valley, Hannibal is said to have made this speech:
"Soldiers! You have now surmounted not only the ramparts of Italy, but also Rome. You are entering friendly country inhabited by people who hate the Romans as much as we do. The rest of the journey will be smooth and downhill, and, after one, or at most a second battle, you will have the citadel and capital of Italy in your possession."
Commentators have speculated on why Hannibal spoke these words because the men were about to face the most difficult part of the journey. Friends did not await in the Po Valley. Here, the Roman army would meet the men in battle. In retrospect, considering how far the men had come, there really was no going back at this point. The Carthaginians believed that Rome was considering an invasion of Africa. Hannibal believed he had to act through an overland attack on Roman to save Carthage. He would spend 15 years in Italy, winning many battles -- such as the Battle of Cannae where he lost 6,000 troops to Rome's 70,000 troops.
We know Hannibal did not succeed, but are astonished by how close he came to success. The second of the Punic Wars was over. When Hannibal eventually retreated with his army to Carthage, his army was defeated by Scipio Africanus in the Battle of Zama. Always sought by the Romans, when Hannibal was about the age of 64 and to be taken prisoner, he took poison and is recorded to have stated:
"Let us now put an end to the great anxiety of the Romans who have thought it too lengthy and too heavy a task to wait for the death of a hated old man."
Many scholars have concluded that the founders of the first Mesopotamian civilization were Black Sumerians. Mesopotamia was the Biblical land of Shinar (Sumer), which sprung up around 3000 B.C.
After deciphering the cuneiform script and researching ancient Mesopotamia for many years Henry Rawlinson (1810-1895) discovered that the founders of the civilization were of Kushite (Cushite) origin. He made it clear that the Semitic speakers of Akkad and the non-Semitic speakers of Sumer were both Black people who called themselves sag-gig-ga or “Black Heads.”
John Baldwin wrote in his book “PreHistoric Nations” (1869): “The early colonists of Babylonia were of the same race as the inhabitants of the Upper Nile.”
This was corroborated by other scholars including, Chandra Chakaberty, who asserted in his book “A Study in Hindu Social Polity” that “based on the statuaries and steles of Babylonia, the Sumerians were “of dark complexion (chocolate colour), short stature, but of sturdy frame, oval face, stout nose, straight hair, full head; they typically resembled the Dravidians, not only in cranium, but almost in all the details.”
Shang Dynasty of Ancient China
In a genetic study published in the “Proceedings of the National Academy of Science Genetic,” researchers found evidence showing the first African arrived in China about 60,000 years ago. Researcher and population geneticist Li Jin states, “Our work shows that modern humans first came to southeast Asia and then moved later to northern China. This supports the idea that modern humans originated in Africa.”
A 2009 published essay from the “Light Words from the Dark Continent; A Collection of Essays,” by Nibs Ra and Manu Amun, offers insight to early Chinese civilizations. It states that the first documented governance in China was headed by the Shang or Chiang dynasty in 1500-1000 B.C. King T’ang or Ta, founder of the Shang dynasty, was of African descent. The Shang were also called Nakhi, which literally means “Black” (Na) and “Man” (khi). King T’ang and the Shang dynasty were responsible for unifying China to form their first civilization.
Ancient Mexico
The Olmecs were an ancient civilization in the Americas. Researchers such as Rashidi, Ivan Van Sertima and Alexander Von Wuthenau have discovered and shared evidence showing that the original inhabitants of Mexico were of African descent. The Olmecs were no different from people found in the Mende regions of West Africa.
Best known for carving the colossal stone heads that date back to 1100 B.C., more evidence of their existence before European explorers has been found. The Olmecs built pyramid-like structures made of mud in Mexico. They were also very artistic and created terracotta art that displayed common activities like pottery-making and wrestling. To add to their achievements, the Olmec people developed a calendar system around 3100 B.C.
The Minoans Ancient Greece
Archaeologist Manfred Bietak conducted extensive research on ancient Greek civilizations and their connections to ancient Egypt. Bietak unearthed evidence from artwork as early as 7000 B.C. that depicts the early people inhabiting Greece were of African descent.
The Minoan culture of Ancient Greece reached its peak at about 1600 B.C. They were known for their vibrant cities, opulent palaces and established trade connections. Minoan artwork is recognized as a major era of visual achievement in art history. Pottery, sculptures and frescoes from the Minoan Bronze age grace museum displays all over the world. Palace ruins indicate remnants of paved roads and piped water systems.
Indus Kush Civilization
On March 3, 2000, historian Runoko Rashidi gave a lecture in Honolulu, Hawaii, about the presence of Black people in ancient and modern India. He stated that the face of India changed around 2000 B.C. when nomadic people Indo-Europeans or Aryans traveled to the Innis Valley and other fertile locations in southern India.
Prior to the invasion, Blacks in India built rich and advanced civilizations. Author Wayne Chandler recanted his amazing discoveries about Blacks in ancient India in his book “African Presence in Early Asia.” The remarkable cities of Harrappa and Mohenjo-daro are only two of the many cities built by Black people. These cities cover large regions of northern India and modern-day Pakistan.
the CLINTON’S are involved in many illicit endeavors, bank fraud, charities, drug dealing and murder when necessary
but even by the CLINTON’S standards the theft of billions of dollars from the already impoverished nation of HAITI after the devastating 2010 earthquake that killed 300,000 people was a new low.
ACCORDING to former and present HAITIAN officials only .06 % of the donated money given by international donors to the CLINTON FOUNDATION for the rebuilding HAITI actually went to HAITIAN organizations and another 9.6 % wound up in the hands of the HAITIAN government the remaining 89.8 % about $ 5.4 BILLION was stolen away from the HAITIAN people .
THE CLINTON’S were also accused of raising another $100 million for the purpose of construction a hospital that was never built , it’s funny because the only presidential candidate that bought up the HAITIAN issue during the presidential campaign was TRUMP when he accused BILL CLINTON of using his influence to solicit donations from his FOB’S of ‘friends of bill’s’ in return for political favors and rebuilding contracts and according to the UNITED NATIONS office of special envoy to HAITI BILL CLINTON had undertaken 75 projects himself in the first year worth $3.2 billion but only five had been completed for only $84 million and the second year 2012 the IHRC reported that $ 9.5 billion been pledged and only $ 5.9 million had been disbursed but nobody knows where.
THE CLINTON’S have a long history in HAITI starting with their honeymoon and prior to the earthquake BILL CLINTON was named U.N special envoy to HAITI in 2009 but it still didn’t stop them from raising money in these poor people’s name and simply walking away with it and leaving a devastated country in complete ruins 7 years after the earthquake and also leaving the HAITIAN people hurt and angry.
WHO IS LAURA SILSBY ?
MOST of us may not know this but HAITI is the child trafficking capital of the world and these people ‘child traffickers’ actually gravitate to calamities like natural disasters and war knowing these societies are busted up and many of its children are unprotected , LAURA SILSBY and her NEW LIFE CHILDREN’S REFUGE and 10 missionaries from IDAHO were some of these people who were caught trying to cross the DOMINICAN REPUBLICAN border with 33 HAITIAN children who were not orphans and had families and fake bandages had been placed on them to feign injury and since they did not have authorization to transport the children the HAITIAN government who were on the look out for traffickers arrested her and the group of missionaries.
NINE of the ten missionaries were later released but LAURA SILSBY was detained and put on trial and the found guilty but was only given time served and released.
AND now thanks to HILLARY’S aide HUMA ABEDIN who’s emails were leaked by WIKILEAKS , we know HILLARY had a long history with the child trafficker LAURA SILSBY and it started around 2001 , the emails also state HILLARY’S interest in LAURA purchasing the land in the DOMINICAN REPUBLIC to build a orphanage but the D.R said she never made such a application. https://wikileaks.org/clinton-emails/emailid/3776
HUMA was constantly sending articles to HILLARY about LAURA and her organization , they discussed her lawyer ‘JORGE PUELLO TORRES’ a man who also a convicted child trafficker https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/32/323249_-os-haiti-us-legal-adviser-to-u-s-haiti-missionaries.html and even more disturbing , how much does it cost to transport the children and also the most important thing that was discussed was HILLARY urging BILL to put pressure of the HAITIAN government to get LAURA released.
I can’t say for sure HILLARY is directly involved in child trafficking but the articles and emails paint a disturbing picture because LAURA SILSBY and her associates are all known child traffickers but you do have to ask yourself why would HILLARY have anything to do with a person like her?
THE CLINTON’S KILL!
THIS is a update of the HAITIAN story,in the wake of the CLINTON’S long political career the have left a trail of dead bodies long enough to wrap around the planet and almost all died mysteriously and at the most opportune time for the CLINTON’S like prior to elections and or court appearances and now we have the latest , it was a HAITIAN official due to testify last month at the HAITIAN SENATE -ETHICS AND ANTI- CORRUPTION COMMISSION, he was going to expose the extent of the corruption that went on in HAITI with the CLINTON FOUNDATION.
HIS name was KLAUS ERBERWIN and he stated many times to friends and family that he feared for his life , obviously he knew the history of the CLINTON’S, his friends and family are all shocked and claimed he was in good health and spirits and can’t believe he took his own life.
HIS death was ruled a suicide although he was shot in the head with a shot gun, KLAUS ERBERWIN was a fierce critic of the CLINTON’S and he was one of the HAITIAN official that openly protested at the CLINTON’S foundation headquarters in NEW YORK where he said of the CLINTON’S ‘ they are thieves, they are liars and a disgrace and he should’ve added they’re also killers!
NEW BLOW FOR HILLARY FBI ‘has found damning new emails from Hillary Clinton’s private server on sexting-obsessed Anthony Weiner’s laptop – and they’re NOT duplicates’
Cache of emails that threaten Clinton's presidential bid are unknown to investigators
EMAILS from Hillary Clinton’s private server found on the laptop seized from sext-shame ex-congressman Anthony Weiner are NOT duplicates of those already found in a separate probe.
Weiner's estranged wife Huma Adebin is a top Clinton aide
It is not yet clear if the emails were related in any way to the original Clinton server scandal.
Weiner’s estranged wife, Huma Abedin — a top Clinton’s top aide — has claimed she had no knowledge of the existence of any Clinton emails on her husband’s laptop.
Why do so many people hate Hillary Clinton?
From Benghazi to the email scandal
On Monday the FBI obtained a warrant to look through the 650,000 emails.
They were found when a computer was obtained by in relation to a probe into whether Weiner sent sexts to a teenage girl.
After the discovery federal investigators revived their investigation into Clinton's use of secret email servers to carry out government business, which had wrapped up in July.
As Haití Burns, Never Forget: Whites/Arabs Did That
When comparing them side-by-side, the story of the American Revolution ain’t got shit on the history of Haití.
For Afrikan people, Haiti represents the most beautiful story of strength, resistance and freedom that has ever been told. It is the story of a people who thrust off the chains of bondage and took their liberty from the hands of their oppressors.
But when discussing anything having to do with the country of Haiti, we should never forget that every bit of struggle in Haiti is related to the legacy of slavery, capitalism and American hypocrisy.
As unrest envelops Haiti once again, it is important for us to remember that Haiti suffers from a worldwide collusion between America and European countries intent on making the tropical paradise suffer.
To blame Haiti’s problems on white people is not a harebrained hypothesis. It is an unbelievably treacherous fact that it often sounds like a kooky conspiracy theory.
Yes, Haiti is poor. Yes, there is widespread government corruption in the country. But there is also one other unignorable fact:
White people did this.
“In fourteen hundred ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.”
Christopher Columbus never set foot on North American soil. While there is some debate about where he first landed in the Caribbean (partly because he was a terrible navigator), we know he arrived on the island of Hispaniola on December 5, 1492.
In A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective, Suzanne Alton writes that most historians estimate the population of the Island of Hispaniola was around 500,000 to one million people when Columbus’ fleet arrived. Columbus immediately took possession of the island, began redirecting the native Taino people’s food and resources to the Europeans, began enslaving the natives and killing the population with disease and brutality that it is described as “surely the greatest tragedy in the history of the human species.”
25 years after Columbus set foot in the place we now call Haiti, less than 14,000 Taino were alive. So the Spanish began importing slaves, believing them to be more sturdy workers. By the time the French took control of 2/3rds of the island and established the colony of French Santo Domingo (or Saint-Domingue), there were zero natives, 25,000 Europeans, 22,000 free coloreds and 700,000 African slaves, according to the 1788 French Census.
The world had changed by then. A revolution was happening in France. North of the island, there was a brand new country called the United States of America. Thomas Paine, an American, had also written a book titled The Rights of Man asserting that freedom was a universal right that all human beings deserved.
Toussaint Louverture, an Afrikan resident of the French colony, inspired by Paine’s book and the stories of the American and French revolutions, led a slave revolt that took control of France’s mostly black, Caribbean paradise.
But France, lusting for a new colony for whites (like the United States) and led by the greatest European warrior in the world, sent an army to capture Louverture and crush the slave rebellion.
The colonizing army was well-trained, more experienced and better-financed than this group of slave rebellers. They figured conquering the rebellion would be light work.
The slaves kicked Napolean Bonaparte’s ass.
Gen. Jean-Jacques Dessalines proclaimed victory and ordered the slaves to destroy any Frenchman who remained on the island, announcing: “We have repaid these cannibals, war for war, crime for crime, outrage for outrage.”
The citizens of the newly freed country would forever remember the history of their brutal oppression at the hands of Europeans. They even tossed the Spanish and French names for their country and renamed it in the language of the now-extinct Taino people. Since that day, a white man has never ruled the place we now call “Haiti.”
America hates Haiti.
White people around the globe hate Haiti.
To be fair, not all white people think of Haiti as a “shithole country.” Polish soldiers who went to fight against the uprising in Haiti refused to lay a hand on Haiti’s black slave rebellers. When the revolutionaries destroyed the white colonizers, they spared the Polish inhabitants on the island.
The reason Haiti is impoverished is mostly America and France’s fault. They did this while the rest of the European powers watched quietly. So no, not all white people destroyed Haiti. Just some white people.
Mostly America.
Which is enough.
Understanding what America and France, two of the most powerful countries in the world, did to Haiti requires a suspension of disbelief because it is so insane that it sounds like fiction. But it is a historical fact that France’s and the United States’ approach to Haiti would devastate the Haitian economy, thrusting Haiti into a poverty that would last to this very day.
Haiti is poor because America and France instituted the most racist economic foreign policy that ever existed.
Not even two decades after Haiti gained its independence, France demanded that Haiti compensate former French slaveowners for the value of all those slaves who set themselves free. Yes, France and the land of the free, home of the brave, essentially demanded reverse slave reparations.
In 1825, France sent warships to Haiti and demanded 150 million Francs. Not only did the United States agree, but they backed up France’s demands for the debt on the international stage, imploring European countries to ignore Haiti’s existence until it paid this money.
A Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti
Contents.
A SUCCINCT historical View of the Colonies of Hispaniola and St. Domingo,
from the Discovery of Hayti, by Columbus, to the Height of their
Prosperity in 1789 15–69
Origin of the Revolutionary Spirit of this Period in
St. Domingo 69–77
Account of the Progress and Accomplishment of the Independence
of St. Domingo 77–132
State of Manners on the Independence of the Blacks in St. Domingo,
with a Memoir of the Circumstances of the Author’s Visit to
the Island in 1799 132–148
View of the Black Army, and of the War between the French Republic and
the independent Blacks of St. Domingo 148–216
On the Establishment of a Black Empire, and the probable Effects of
the Colonial Revolution 216–218
Blake—and his wife Cotto. They are buried in the cemetery of Shepperton, near
Walton-on-Thames, Middlesex, England. The entire epitaph is quoted in the Gentle-
Bibliography
Account Book of the Deputy Paymaster General, Hispaniola, 1796–77. National Library of Jamaica, Kingston.
Adanson, Michel. Histoire naturelle du Sénégal. Coquillages. Avec la relation abrégée d’uvoyage fait en ce pays pendant les années 1749, 50, 51, 52 et 53. Paris: Bauche, 1757.
Almanack and Register for the Island of Jamaica. Kingston, 1782.
Alumni Dublinesis: A Register of the Students, Graduates, Professors, and Provosts of Trinity
College in the University of Dublin. Dublin: A. Thom, 1935.
Anderson, Adam. An historical and chronological deduction of the origin of commerce
from the earliest accounts to the present time, containing an history of the great com-
mercial interests of the British empire. London: Millar, 1764.
Anderson, James. A Few Facts and Observations on the Yellow Fever of the West Indies.
Manchester: Harrop, 1799.
The Annual Register. London, 1791–1804.
The Annual Review; and History of Literature. London: Longman and Rees, 1803.
The Anti- Jacobin Review and Political Magazine. London, 1806.
Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm von. Geschichte der Flibustier. Tübingen, 1803.
———, ed. Minerva. Jena, 1802, 1806.
Ardouin, Beaubrun. Etudes sur l’histoire d’Haïti. 11 vols. Paris: Dézobry et Magdeleine,
1853–60.
Barbot, Jean. A Description of the Coasts of North and South Guinea and of Ethiopia In-
ferior, vulgarly Angola. In Collection of Voyages and Travels, ed. Thomas Astley and
J. Churchill. 5 vols. London, 1732.
Barthelemy, Anthony Gerard. Black Face, Maligned Race: The Representation of Blacks
in English Drama from Shakespeare to Southerne. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Uni-
versity Press, 1987.
Beard, John Relly. Toussaint L’Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography. Boston: James
Redpath, 1863.
Bell, Madison Smartt. Toussaint Louverture: A Biography. New York: Pantheon, 2007.
Benezet, Anthony. Some historical account of Guinea, its situation, produce, and the gen-
eral disposition of its inhabitants. 1771. London: Owen, 1772.
Benzoni, Girolamo. Historia del Mondo Nuovo. Venice, 1565.
Bercy, Drouin de. De Saint-Domingue: de ses guerres, de ses révolutions, de ses ressources,
et des moyens à prendre pour y rétablir la paix et l’industrie. Paris: Hocquet, 1814.
Bernheim, Alain. “Le ‘Bicentenaire’ des Grandes Constitutions de 1786: Essai sur les
cinq textes de référence historique du Rite Écossais Ancien et Accepté,” part I,
Renaissance Traditionnelle 68 (1986): 241–63; part II, Renaissance Traditionnelle 69
(1987): 29–80; part III, Renaissance Traditionnelle 70 (1987): 99–138.
Bibliographie de la France: ou Journal général de l’imprimerie et de la librairie. Paris, 1829.
bibliogrAPhY 323
Charmilly, P. F. Venault de. Lettre à M. Bryan Edwards, en Réfutation de son Ouvrage in-
titulé Vues Historiques sur La Colonie Française de St. Domingue, &c. London, 1797.
Chartrand, René, and Francis Back. Napoleon’s Overseas Army. London: Osprey, 1989.
Chartrand, René, and Paul Chappell. British Forces in the West Indies, 1793–1815. Lon-
don: Osprey, 1996.
Chateaubriand, François-René de. Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe. 42 vols. Paris, 1849–50.
[Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Lord]. Preface. Love Elegies by James Ham-
mond. Dublin: J. Potts and S. Watson, 1742. iii–iv.
Clark, James. A Treatise on the Yellow Fever as it Appeared in the Island of Dominica in the
Years 1793–4–5–6. London: J. Murray and S. Highley, 1797.
Clark, Murtie June. Loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War. Balti-
more: Genealogical Publishing, 1981.
Clavin, Matthew. “Race, Rebellion, and the Gothic: Inventing the Haitian Revolu-
tion.” Early American Studies 5.1 (2007): 1–29.
———. Toussaint Louverture and the American Civil War: The Promise and Peril of a
Second Haitian Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register. London, 1802–4.
Colquhoun, Patrick. Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis. London: H. Fry, 1796.
Cook, James. A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean. 3 vols. London: Strahan, 1784.
Coulon, Jean Philippe Garran de. Rapport sur les Troubles de Saint- Domingue. 4 vols.
Paris: 1797–99.
Crissé, Lancelot Turpin de. Commentaires de César, avec notes historiques, critiques et
militaires. 3 vols. Paris, 1785.
The Critical Review; Or, Annals of Literature. London: J. Mawman, 1801, 1806.
Curran, Stuart. Poetic Form and British Romanticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1986.
Daguillard, Fritz. Enigmatic in His Glory: Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803). Port-au-
Prince: Musée du Panthéon Nationale Haïtien, 2003.
Dallas, R. C. The History of the Maroons, from their Origin to the Establishment of their
Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone. 2 vols. London: Longman and Rees, 1803.
Décret de l’Assemblée Générale de Saint-Domingue, rendu le 28 mai 1790, à l’unanimité; et
développement de ce décret par l’assemblée aux observations sur ce décret par l’assem-
blée provinciale du Nord, en date de 1er juin. Paris, 1790.
Desclaisons, M. Précis des histoires d’Alexandre le Grand et de Jules César, et de leurs faits
militaires, soit comparés soit opposés entre eux; suivi de différents points de comparai-
son ou opposition entre ces deux généraux. 2 vols. Paris, 1784.
Doyle, Arthur. A Hundred Years of Conflict: Being some Records of the Services of Six Gen-
erals of the Doyle Family, 1756–1856. London: Longmans, Green, 1911.
Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. Cam-
bridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.
Dubroca, [Jean-Louis]. The Life of Toussaint Louverture, Chief of the French Rebels in St.
Domingo. Translated from the French. London: H. D. Symonds, 1802.
Duffy, Michael. Soldiers, Sugar, and Seapower: The British Expeditions to the West Indies
and the War against Revolutionary France. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.
Dunn, Richard S. Sugar and Slaves: the Rise of the Planter Class in the British West Indies,
324 bibliogrAPhY
1624–1713. 2d ed. Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and
Culture and University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Du Tertre [Jean-Baptiste]. Histoire générale des Antilles habitées par les François. 4 vols.
Paris: Thomas Iolly, 1667–71.
Echard, Laurence. The History of the Revolution and the Establishment of England in the
Year 1688. London: Hyde and Dobson, 1725.
The Eclectic Review. London: C. Taylor, 1806.
The Edinburgh Review. Edinburgh, 1806.
Edwards, Bryan. An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo.
London: Stockdale, 1797.
———. The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies. 3d
ed. 3 vols. London: Stockdale, 1801.
Emerson, William K. Chevrons: Catalog of U.S. Army Insignia. Washington: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1983.
Estimates and Accounts: Army; Navy; Ordnance; Civil List; Miscellaneous Services. Vol.
13. London, 1818.
An Exhibition of miniatures owned in South Carolina and miniatures of South Carolinians
owned elsewhere painted before the year 1860. Charleston: Carolina Art Association,
Gibbes Memorial Art Gallery, 1936.
Fick, Carolyn E. The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below. Knox-
ville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990.
Fischer, Sibylle. Modernity Disavowed: Haiti and the Cultures of Slavery in the Age of
Revolution. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
Fortescue, J. W. A History of the British Army. 4 vols. London: Macmillan, 1910–30.
Fouchard, Jean. Le Théâtre à Saint-Domingue. Port au Prince: Editions Henri Des-
champs, 1988.
Friday’s Post Ipswich Journal. London, 1802.
Gazette Nationale, ou Le Moniteur Universel. Paris, 1791–1805.
Gazette Officielle de Saint-Domingue. Port-au-Prince.
Gazzetta di Milano. Milan, June 26, 1816.
Geggus, David Patrick. “The Arming of Slaves in the Haitian Revolution.” In Arming
Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age, ed. Christopher Leslie Brown and
Philip D. Morgan. New Haven: Yale University Press. 209–32.
———. “British Opinion and the Emergence of Haiti, 1791–1805.” In Slavery and
British Society 1776–1846, ed. James Walvin. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State
University Press. 123–49.
———. “The Cost of Pitt’s Caribbean Campaigns, 1793–1798.” Historical Journal 26.3
(1983): 699–706.
———. “The Great Powers and the Haitian Revolution.” In Haitian Revolutionary
Studies, 171–78.
———. Haitian Revolutionary Studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
———. Slavery, War, and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793–
1798. Oxford: Clarendon, 1982.
———. “Slave, Soldier, Rebel: The Strange Career of Jean Kina.” In Haitian Revolu-
tionary Studies, 137–51.
bibliogrAPhY 325
———. “The ‘Volte-Face’ of Toussaint Louverture.” In Haitian Revolutionary Studies,
119–36.
The Gentleman’s Magazine. London: Nichols and Son, 1806.
Goldsmith, Oliver. “The Traveler.” In The Poetical Works of Dr. Goldsmith. London:
Osborne and Griffin, 1785.
Gómara, Francisco López de. La Historia general de las Indias. Saragossa, 1552.
Göttlingische gelehrte Anzeigen. Göttingen, 1802.
Gray, Thomas. “Ode on the Spring.” In The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray, LL. B. Lon-
don: Scatcherd, 1799.
Grégoire [Henri]. Lettre aux citoyens de couleur et nègres libres de Saint-Domingue, et
autres isles françoises de l’Amérique. Paris: imprimerie du patriote français, 1791.
———. De la littérature des nègres, ou Recherches sur leurs facultés intellectuelles, leurs
qualités morales et leur littérature. Paris, 1808.
Guichard, Karl Gottlieb. Mémoires militaires sur les Grecs et les Romains. The Hague,
1757.
Hakluyt, Richard. Diverse Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America. London, 1582.
Hayley, William. An Essay on Epic Poetry: in five Epistles to the Revd. Mr. Mason. Lon-
don: J. Dodsley, 1782.
———. The Life of Milton, in three parts. 2d ed. London: Cadell and Davies, 1796.
[Henry I of Haiti]. Manifeste du Roi. Cap Henry: P. Roux, 1814.
Herodotus. The Landmark Herodotus. Robert B. Strassler, ed. Andrea L. Purvis, trans.
New York: Pantheon, 2007.
Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de. Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las
islas y tierra firme del Mar Oceano. 1601–15.
Histoire Générale des Voyages. 15 vols. Paris: Didot, 1697–1763.
Howard, Thomas Phipps. The Haitian Journal of Lieutenant Howard, York Hussars, 1796–
1798. Roger Norman Buckley, ed. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985.
Hughes, Derek, ed. Versions of Blackness: Key Texts on Blackness from the Seventeenth
Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Hume, David. A History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in
1688. 6 vols. London: T. Cadell, 1762.
An Inquiry into the Causes of the Insurrection of the Negroes in St. Domingo, to which are
added Observations of M. Garran-Coulon on the Same Subject. London: J. Johnson,
1792.
James, C. L. R. The Black Jacobins. 2d ed. New York: Vintage, 1989.
Kay, John. A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings. With Biographical
Sketches and Illustrative Anecdotes. Edinburgh: A & C Black, 1877.
Labat, Jean-Baptiste. Nouveau voyage aux isles de l’Amérique. 6 vols. Paris, 1722.
Lacroix, Pamphile de. Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de la révolution de Saint-
Domingue. 2 vols. Paris: Pillet Aîné, 1819.
Larwood, Joshua. Erratics: by a sailor; containing rambles in Norfolk, and elsewhere.
2 vols. London, 1800.
Las Casas, Bartolomé de. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1552.
Las Cases, Emmanuel-Auguste- Dieudonné de. The Life, Exile, and Conversations of the
Emperor Napoleon. 2 vols. London: Henry Colburn, 1835.
326 bibliogrAPhY
Laurie, William Alexander. The History of Free Masonry and the Grand Lodge of Scotland.
Edinburgh: Seton and Mackenzie, 1859.
Le Beau, Charles. Histoire de l’Académie royale des inscriptions et belles-lettres, avec les
mémoires de littérature. Vols. 25–39. Paris, 1759–77.
Ledyard, John. “Eulogium.” Proceedings of the Association for Promoting the Discovery of
the Interior Parts of Africa, 1788–1790. London: T. Cadell, 1791.
———. A Journal of Captain Cook’s Last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean. London, 1783.
Leslie, Charles. A New History of Jamaica. London: J. Hodges, 1740.
[Lloyd, Henry]. The History of the Late War in Germany; Between the King of Prussia, and
the Empress of Germany and her Allies. London, 1766.
The London Gazette. London, 1813.
London Metropolitan Archives. Saint Giles in the Fields: Saint Giles High Street, Hol-
born, Camden. Transcript of Burials, January–December 1817. dl/t Item 036/029,
dl/t/036/029.
Long, Edward. The History of Jamaica; Or, General Survey of the Antient and Modern State
of that Island. 3 vols. London: T. Lowndes, 1774.
Madiou, Thomas, fils. Histoire d’Haïti, 8 vols. Port-au- Prince: Courtois, 1848.
Malenfant, Colonel. Des colonies, et particulièrement de celle de Saint-Domingue: Mé-
moire historique et politique. Paris: Audibert, 1814.
Malouet, Victor Pierre. Collection de mémoires et correspondances officielles sur l’ad-
ministration des colonies et notamment sur la Guiane française et hollandaise. 5 vols.
Paris, 1802.
[Malthus, Thomas]. An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: J. Johnson, 1798.
Martyr, Peter (Martire d’Anghiera, Pietro). De Orbe Novo, 1530.
Métral, Antoine, and Isaac Louverture. Histoire de l’expédition des français à Saint-
Domingue sous le consulat de Napoléon Bonaparte; suivie des Mémoires et Notes
d’Isaac Louverture. Paris: Fanjat Aîné, 1825.
Mintz, Sidney Wilfred. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. New
York: Viking, 1985.
The Monthly Mirror: Reflecting Men and Manners. London, 1802.
The Monthly Review; Or, Literary Journal. London, 1801.
Moseley, Benjamin. Medical Tracts. 2d ed. London: T. Cadell, Jr., and W. Davies, 1800.
———. A Treatise on Sugar. London: C. G. and J. Robinson, 1800.
The New Annual Register; Or, General Repository of History, Politics, and Literature. Lon-
don: Stockdale, 1806.
Nussbaum, Felicity. The Limits of the Human: Fictions of Anomaly, Race, and Gender in
the Long Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[Ogden, James]. The Revolution: An Epic Poem, in Twelve Books. London: J. Johnson,
1790.
Orléans, Pierre Joseph d’. Histoire des révolutions d’Angleterre depuis le commencement
de la monarchie. Paris, 1689.
———. Histoire des révolutions d’Espagne, depuis la destruction de l’empire des Goths,
jusqu’à l’entière et parfaite réunion des royaumes de Castille et d’Aragon en une seule
monarchie. 3 vols. Paris, 1734.
Oviedo [Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]. La historia general y natural de las
Indias. Toledo, 1526–35.
bibliogrAPhY 327
Pachonski, Jan, and Reuel K. Wilson. Poland’s Caribbean Tragedy: A Study of Polish
Legions in the Haitian War of Independence 1802–1803. Boulder: East European
Monographs, 1986.
Paquin, Lyonel. The Haitians: Class and Color Politics. Brooklyn, NY: Multi-Type, 1983.
A Particular Account of the Commencement and Progress of the Insurrection of the Negroes
in St. Domingo, which began in August 1791. 2d ed. London: J. Sewell, 1792.
Piecuch, Jim. Loyalists, Indians, and Slaves in the Revolutionary South, 1775–1782.
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008.
Pierrot, Grégory. “‘Our Hero’: Toussaint Louverture in British Representations.” Criti-
cism 50.4 (2008): 581–607.
Pincus, Steve. 1688: The First Modern Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press,
2009.
Pluchon, Pierre. Toussaint Louverture: un révolutionnaire noir de l’Ancien Régime. Paris:
Fayard, 1989.
Pocock, Michael Rogers. Out of the Shadows of the Past: The Story of the Great House of
Champs Elysées, Maraval, and an Account of the Families who lived in it, 1780–1932.
Port of Spain: Paria Publishing, 1993.
Pope, Alexander. An Essay on Man. In Epistles to a Friend. Epistle I. London: 1733.
———. “Prologue.” In Cato, by Joseph Addison. 1713. London: Longman, Lowndes,
Bladon, Cadell et al. 1795.
———. “Sappho to Phaon: From the Fifteenth of Ovid’s Epistles.” In The Major
Works, by Alexander Pope. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Postlethwayt, Malachy. The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce. London:
J. Knapton, 1757.
Pulis, John W. “Bridging Troubled Waters: Moses Baker, George Liele, and the African
American Diaspora to Jamaica.” In Moving On: Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic
World, ed. John W. Pulis. New York: Garland, 1999. 183–222.
Rainsford, Captain [Marcus]. A Memoir of Transactions That Took Place in St. Domingo
in the Spring of 1799. London: R. B. Scott, 1802.
Rainsford, Marcus. Geschichte der Insel Hayti: Oder, St. Domingo besonders des auf der-
selben errichteten Negerreichs. Trans. Doctor Levi and Posstefretär Roch. Hamburg:
A. Schmidt, 1806.
———. An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti: Comprehending a View of the
Principal Transactions in the Revolution of Saint Domingo; with its Antient and Modern
State. London: Cundee, 1805.
———. St. Domingo, of het land der Zwarten in Hayti en deszelfs Omwenteling. 2 vols.
Amsterdam: Johannes Allart, 1806.
———. St. Domingo; Or, an Historical, Political and Military Sketch of the Black Repub-
lic. 2d ed. London: R. B. Scott, 1802.
———. St. Domingo; Or, an Historical, Political and Military Sketch of the Projected
Black Republic. 3d ed. London: R. B. Scott, 1802.
———. Translation of an Official Communication from the Government of Hayti. Bristol:
John Evans, 1816.
[Rainsford, Marcus]. An Hymeneal on the Marriage of the Right Hon. Francis, Earl of
Moira, etc. etc. etc., to the Right Hon. Flora, Countess of Loudon; on the 12th Day of July,
1804. London: Isaac Bisset, 1804.
328 bibliogrAPhY
———. The Revolution; Or, Britain Delivered: A Poem in Twelve Cantos, with Notes His-
torical and Explanatory. Edinburgh: Creech; and London: Cadell, 1791.
———. The Revolution; Or, Britain Delivered: A Poem in Ten Cantos. 2d ed. London:
R. B. Scott, 1800.
Raynal, Guillaume Thomas François. A Philosophical and Political History of the Settle-
ments and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies. Trans. J. Justamond.
5 vols. 2d ed. London: T. Cadell, 1776.
Robertson, William. The History of America. 3 vols. 6th ed. London: Strahan and
Cadell, 1792.
Roussier, Michel. “L’éducation des enfants de Toussaint Louverture et l’Institution
nationale des colonies.” In Toussaint Louverture et l’indépendance d’Haïti: Témoig-
nages pour un bicentenaire, ed. Jacques de Cauna. Paris: Editions Karthala, 2004.
Saint-Rémy, Joseph. Mémoires du Général Toussaint-L’Ouverture, écrits par lui-même,
pouvant servir à l’histoire de sa vie. Paris: Pagnerre, 1853.
———. Vie de Toussaint-L’Ouverture. Paris: Moquet, 1850.
Saxe, Maurice de. Mes Rêveries. Paris, 1757.
Scott, David. Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment. Durham:
Duke University Press, 2004.
Shakespeare, William. Complete Works. New York: Modern Library, 2007.
Slatta, Richard W., and Jane Lucas de Grummond. Simon Bolivar’s Quest for Glory. Col-
lege Station: Texas A&m University Press, 2003.
Sloane, Hans. A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and
Jamaica, with the Natural History of the Herbs and Trees, Four-footed Beasts, Fishes,
Birds, Insects, Reptiles, &c. Of the last of those islands. 2 vols. London, 1707–25.
Smith, William. A New Voyage to Guinea. London, 1744.
Stephen, James. The Crisis in the Sugar Colonies. London, 1802.
[Stephen, James]. Buonaparte in the West Indies; or, the History of Toussaint Louverture,
the African Hero. London: J. Hatchard, 1803.
———. The Opportunity; Or, Reasons for an Immediate Alliance with St. Domingo. Lon-
don: Hatchard, 1804.
The Times of London. London, 1790–1820.
Tomlinson, Robert. An Attempt to rescue the Holy Scriptures from the Ridicule they incur,
with the Inconsiderate, occasioned by Incorrect Translation. London: Baynes, 1804.
Trouillot, Hénock. Le gouvernement du roi Henri Christophe. Port-au-Prince: Impri-
merie Centrale, 1972.
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Bos-
ton: Beacon, 1997.
Tyson, George F. Toussaint L’Ouverture. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1973.
Tytler, James. A Treatise on the Plague and Yellow Fever. Salem, Mass.: Joshua Cushing
for B. B. Macanulty, 1799.
United Kingdom. The National Archives. Admiralty and Secretariat Papers.
———. Records of the Colonial Office.
———. Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury.
———. Records of the War Office.
Vegetius, Flavius. Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science. N. P. Milner, ed. 2d rev. ed.
Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996.
https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/30266/648151.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Illustrated advertising cards African stereotypes as foils in order to appeal to white consumers
After decades of presenting the archetypal American consumer as white and female, advertisers are slowly broadening their imagery to include more diversity.
But, as the scholar Marilyn Maness Mehaffy writes, the history of race in American advertisements isn’t just about the absence of non-white buyers.
She argues that the creation of the ideal white, female consumer in the expanding consumer economy of the late nineteenth century depended on the inclusion of women of other races, particularly African-Americans, as a foil.
Mehaffy focuses on illustrated advertising cards. In the late nineteenth century, consumer brands printed the colorful cards to spread awareness of their products. Both children and adults saved the cards, leading to a collector’s craze.
The domestic, white, female consumer is defined in relation to a complementary preindustrial black laborer.
Some cards simply depicted animals, flowers, or landscapes. But one archivist found up to forty percent of the cards in a typical museum collection invoked ethnic stereotypes. In particular, Mehaffy writes, a striking number of illustrated cards depicted a pair of women:
one white and one Black.
In one card advertising cotton thread, for example, a modestly dressed white woman sewing in her chair is juxtaposed with a black woman in short sleeves laboring in a cotton field.
The domestic, white, female consumer is defined in relation to a complementary preindustrial black laborer.
Similarly, Mehaffy notes, a number of the cards depicted a white women, sometimes with her children, at home beside a black servant. One, advertising the Redwood Portable Range, offers a striking contrast between a caricatured black domestic worker with bulging eyes and a statuesque white women in a gown. The servant is evidently an important part of the scene of domestic consumption, offering her employer advice about which stove to buy.
Other cards explicitly tie consumer products to white femininity. A card for Hunter’s Flour & Meal Sifters contrasts “the old way” of sifting flour—illustrated with a black woman laboring over a large sieve—and “the new way”—a white women effortlessly using the modern tool.
A fold-out card advertising the Eclipse Clothes Wringer shows two versions of a scene with a white woman supervising a Black domestic worker doing the wash.
In the first, the servant has her sleeves rolled up and is wringing the clothes out by hand. In the second, the black woman—now using the mechanical clothes wringer—is dressed more primly and is less muscular, with thinner lips and “whiter” features (thought the text still shows her speaking in a caricatured black dialect). The consumer product seems to imply that making the African-American woman more like her white counterpart is an “improvement.”
Mehaffy argues that the contrast between white and black women helped define the role of race in the post-Civil War era, as the country became increasingly industrialized.
Later, images of black people in consumer branding dwindled to a few prominent, and still problematic, characters like Aunt Jemima, leaving advertising a mostly white space through much of the twentieth century.
Imperialism, Revolution, and Industrialization in 19th-Century Europe
Industrialization takes hold in Western Europe
Imperialism, Revolution, and Industrialization in 19th Century Europe Explained
Throughout 19th-century Europe, political and economic forces helped to dramatically alter the European continent that forever changed the countries and people that inhabited them. In less than a century, the absolutist ideals of the Old Regime started to wither away as revolutionary ideals of freedom and democracy attempted to take hold across Europe.
Industrialization, with its powerful economic connections, greatly fueled these revolutions through the development of both social strife and inequality. Moreover, nationalist sentiment and imperialism directly contributed to these changes by promoting racism and competition between the powerful emerging nation-states. As this article seeks to demonstrate, however, revolution, industrialization, and imperialism did not always follow a consistent or steady pattern. Rather, they differed quite significantly depending upon the country and people involved during their progression.
As a result, Europeans experienced uneven and sporadic waves of change across the long nineteenth century. What accounts for these discrepancies? What factors contributed to the differences that each country experienced regarding revolution, industrialization, and imperialism during this era?
Revolution and Nationalism
Revolutions in Europe greatly varied from each country to the next. To understand how they affected nineteenth-century Europe, however, it is important to first define the term, “revolution.” Revolution is a term that conjures up many definitions. Generally speaking, it involves a fundamental shift or change within society that alters the social, political, or economic ideals of a country and its people.
Similarly, historian Norman Rich asserts that the term describes any “transformation” of society that takes place over “a long period of time” (Rich, 1). To be certain, Charles Breunig proclaims that this type of change does not always include a clear “break with the past” (Breunig, xi). Basic elements of the society often remain in the aftermath of revolutions.
The goals, ideals, and beliefs of the people, however, are often forever changed through the revolutionary process. This is precisely the situation that unraveled within Europe during the nineteenth-century and the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars.
As Breunig asserts:
“many traditional institutions and ideas persisted through the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras into the age of the Restoration” (Breunig, xi).
While basic tenets of European society and culture remained intact, the liberal ideas unleashed by the French Revolution, nevertheless, served to greatly challenge the established monarchies and aristocracies of Europe.
In their aftermath, these challenges to authority set the stage for future governments more responsible to their people, rather than governments that relied solely on absolute rule.
Moreover, the revolutions of nineteenth-century Europe ushered in democratic virtues of liberty and equality that later evolved into the current models of governance in existence today. With this basic understanding of revolutions and their impact on nineteenth-century Europe, several important questions arise.
What accounted for these revolutionary uprisings?
Specifically, what factors led to their overall development and progression?
Why did differences in the experiences of revolution exist among the countries of Europe? More specifically, why did certain regions of Europe experience change more rapidly than other parts?
The revolutions across Europe directly resulted from the radical views of the French that first emerged during the French Revolution.
In an attempt to dismantle the ideas embraced by the Old Regime, French revolutionaries (inspired by the American Revolution only a few years prior) attacked the social and political ideals of their time in favor of measures that ostensibly favored universal equality and liberty for all.
With the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and his conquests across Europe, these French ideas quickly spread to neighboring regions as country after country fell victim to Napoleon’s powerful army.
This aspect is important to consider, as it helps explain the inconsistencies between Eastern and Western Europe in regard to the revolutions each country experienced.
Western powers with a closer proximity to France, experienced revolution far sooner than the countries of Eastern Europe since their populations existed within the boundaries of French influence.
This influence was further enhanced once Napoleon gained control over Italy, the German states, and portions of Austria-Hungary through his conquests. As part of his rule, Napoleon implemented tremendous changes within these countries, both economically and politically.
The Napoleonic Codes, according to Breunig, destroyed the prior political establishments of these countries, and in their place, implemented policies that mimicked “French institutions” (Breunig, 93).
Because the imperial structure set up by Napoleon destroyed the social and political elements of the Old Regime across Western Europe, Napoleon set the stage for future revolutionary developments within these countries that progressed more rapidly than in places such as Russia.
Napoleon’s conquests also spread ideas of nationalism that emerged from the French Revolution. Nationalism, which reflected ideas of extreme patriotism and pride, played a tremendous role in developing the revolutionary changes that occurred across Europe.
Nationalism provided individuals with an identity, and a connection with people of similar cultural and linguistic backgrounds. By conquering the countries and states surrounding France, Breunig proclaims that Napoleon, inadvertently, “contributed to a greater sense of unity” among those he conquered, particularly within the Italian and German states (Breunig, 94).
Through his harsh and dictatorial rule, Napoleon aroused “patriotic resentment among the peoples subjected to French domination” (Breunig, 95). This is important to consider, since these sentiments did not vanish over time.
Even decades after the fall of Napoleon and the French Empire, Breunig asserts that “the seeds sown during the Napoleonic era bore fruit in the nationalist movements of the nineteenth century” (Breunig, 95).
This case is greatly illustrated by the German states during the middle years of the nineteenth-century. Although Germany did not form into a collective nation-state until the time of Bismarck, Breunig proclaims that discontent in the 1840s helped invigorate the patriotic seeds first sown by Napoleon into “a wave of popular discontent” across the German states, particularly within Prussia (Breunig, 238).
For these reasons, Western Europe experienced upheavals of their political and social systems far sooner than the countries of the East.
These disruptions and encouragement of nationalist sentiment, consequently, aided in the development of revolutionary thoughts long before such ideas emerged in the East. Distance, in this sense, greatly explains the revolutionary incongruities that existed throughout Europe during the nineteenth-century. Eastern countries remained far removed from the dissent fomenting in the West.
Moreover, distance gave the Eastern rulers ample time to implement measures capable of stifling and muting future dissenters, thus, preventing revolutionary reactions within their own countries.
According to Marc Raeff, Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, “worked hard to prevent Western liberal ideas from gaining a foothold with the educated public” (Raeff, 148).
As he states:
“censorship was extremely severe: anything suspicious or capable of being interpreted as adverse criticism of the existing state of affairs was proscribed” (Raeff, 148). Not surprisingly, such tactics and actions helped to greatly delay radical Western ideas from permeating the Russian empire.
Nevertheless, Western elements of revolution and nationalism did eventually infiltrate the East during Napoleon’s invasion of the Russian Empire. Similar to his conquests in the West, Napoleon inadvertently introduced concepts of the French Revolution to the vast forces he encountered. Therefore, understanding Napoleon’s impact is important because it helps to explain multiple aspects about revolutions in Europe.
Not only does it demonstrate why an unevenness of revolutions existed within Europe, but it also explains the root causes of nationalism and why nationalist sentiment spread beyond the French boundaries to impact European societies at large.
The revolutionary and nationalist sentiments introduced by Napoleon, in turn, aided in the disruption of the balance of power across Europe, and directly resulted in the tense military and political atmosphere that emerged following the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
Political and institutional changes, however, are not the only revolutions that took place across Europe. Industrialization, to a large degree, brought economic change to Europe on a scale never before seen. Just as the political revolutions of Europe varied from country to country, so too did the forces of industrialization that favored particular social, economic, and political environments over others.
Industrialization
According to Charles Breunig, the Industrial Revolution “transformed the lives of Europeans even more thoroughly than did the French Revolution” (Breunig, xii). But what factors contributed to its impact? According to Norman Rich, advancements in agriculture served as a major contributor to industrialization since it resulted in “greater availability of food in Europe,” and aided in the growth of population across the continent (Rich, 15).
This growth in population was important since it assisted in the development of cities and provided a consumer market to meet the large-scale production capabilities of industry. Revolutions in transportation and technology, such as the railroad and steamboat, further aided the development of industrialization since they provided a means for consumer goods to be shipped in mass quantities quickly and cost-effectively, across long distances.
As Rich states:
“the railroads made possible…the large-scale, economical, and rapid distribution of goods overland, they penetrated the remote interiors of countries and continents and opened up the markets of these regions to industry while giving agricultural regions access to urban markets” (Rich, 9).
Similar to the political revolutions taking place across Europe, industrialization varied greatly across the European continent. In Great Britain, for instance, the effects of industrialization were, perhaps, most recognizable since the British Empire fostered an atmosphere conducive to industry and its effects.
With an empire that stretched the globe, Britain possessed a large and diverse population, as well as a vast consumer market that helped stimulate the production of mass quantities of goods. Furthermore, Charles Breunig asserts that part of the intensity with Britain’s industrialization lies with the fact that its empire possessed large quantities of “raw materials,” a large quantity of “capital for investment,” and “surplus labor” sources that did not exist on this scale within the rest of the European continent (Breunig, 198-199).
According to historian, Anna Clark, however, the Industrial Revolution also created as many problems as it solved in Great Britain. This is particularly true if the social impact of the revolution is taken into account.
While the Industrial Revolution provided many individuals with jobs and an abundance of goods, Clark asserts that it also served to create social strife and gender inequality, and greatly expanded the divide between social classes (Clark, 269-270).
As she states:
“the social changes of industrialization drove up illegitimacy rates between the mid-eighteenth and the mid-nineteenth century, and wife desertion and bigamy seemed all to frequent” (Clark, 6).
Moreover, while Clark asserts that the “new opportunities” created by the Industrial Revolution “lessened poverty,” they also “increased divisions between men and women, as men worked in heavy industry and women either found jobs in the declining textile industry or stayed at home” (Clark, 270). Problems such as these greatly helped fuel the social and political revolutions taking place across Britain, and eventually Europe, at large.
Consequently, the social strife created by industry resulted in many of the problems seen in the last half of the nineteenth-century, particularly within Russia and the eventual Soviet Union.
Industrialization within France and Austria also provided similar effects, although not nearly as pronounced as the British example. According to Breunig, industrialization greatly aided in the modernization efforts within France.
However, as he states, their “persistence of a system of small landholding” greatly “handicapped the development of industry” when compared with Great Britain (Breunig, 199).
In regard to Austria, Norman Rich explains: “the industrial revolution brought to Austria the usual problems of city growth…but it also brought wealth and prosperity to a large section of the population and created a new middle class” (Rich, 106).
Like the other continental countries, however, Austria faced material shortages and a smaller-scale consumer market that paled in comparison to Great Britain.
Eastern Europe and Russia, in particular, did not experience the full effects of industrialization like Great Britain, France, and Austria until later into the nineteenth-century.
With its isolated position in Europe, Russia once again possessed a natural barrier to many of the changes sweeping across the continent.
Many of the institutions and policies of Russian governance continued to reflect the absolutist ideals espoused by the Old Regime, even into the twentieth-century. Serfdom, which amounted to basic elements of slavery, continued unabated until the 1860s in Russia.
As a result of this dependence on agriculture and the labor of serfs, Russia did not begin its modernization and industrialization policies until the late nineteenth-century (well after the industrial revolutions of Western Europe).
Fearful of encroachment and destruction by the hands of the Western powers, Russia sought to catch up to the industrialized and technologically advanced West only because its national interests were at stake.
With the unification and militarization of Germany during the 1860s and 1870s, such fears do not appear erroneous, especially when the aggressiveness of German military policies are taken into account.
The failure of Russia to industrialize later, rather than sooner, created many problems for the Russian Empire as it attempted to transition too quickly from an agricultural-based society to industry.
By diverting their attention away from agriculture too rapidly, the Russian Empire experienced social strife and economic problems that eventually led to its downfall, following World War I.
As seen, industrialization varied greatly between the powers of Europe since it required multiple factors for its success.
Nevertheless, its effects greatly impacted the European continent in a profound manner through the tremendous innovations it inspired in both technology and production. As a result, Europe advanced faster and more quickly than at any other time period in its history.
More importantly, however, industrialization helped cultivate and contribute to the rising social and political strife originally inspired by the French Revolution. Through its creation of imbalances in social class, gender, and wealth, industrialization helped set the stage for many of the social problems that existed in the latter part of the nineteenth-century that continued well into the twentieth-century as well.
Imperialism
Similar to the political, social, and industrial revolutions, discrepancies in the policies of imperialism varied across Europe as well. Ostensibly, imperialism expanded and grew as a result of the European desire to spread Christianity to the so-called heathen societies of the world, and as a means to bring civilization to the undeveloped tribes and clans of the globe.
As Mark Cocker asserts: Europeans believed “Christian civilization was the obvious apex and terminal point to which all mankind must inexorably aspire” (Cocker, 14). More often than not, however, imperial sentiments derived from a deeply racist view of indigenous people whom the Europeans viewed as inferior to their culture and way of life.
Because native traditions and practices did not reflect Christian elements of Europe, Cocker asserts that Europeans often viewed tribal societies as “subhuman” animals that lived outside “the margins of civilization” (Cocker, 13).
Imperialism also derived from a desire to acquire greater resources and raw materials for the various European economies.
In this essence, imperialism emerged, in some aspects, as a direct result of the industrial revolutions taking place across Europe during the nineteenth-century. Elements of nationalism also served to fortify imperialism, and greatly inspired the desires for global colonization.
Nationalism, with its ideas of patriotism and ethnic superiority, contributed to imperial ideas since it inspired competition among Europeans who desired greater national glory and pride.
The spirit of nationalism and imperialism, combined, prompted Europeans to expand their influence and territory through the domination of foreign lands and people. By scrambling to the far corners of the world to establish colonies, such ambitions aided in the construction of vast empires meant to compete with and overshadow rival European countries.
The creation of these empires resulted in immense competition and conflict between the Europeans that directly contributed to the intricate alliance systems of the late nineteenth-century, and the eventual outbreak of World War I in 1914.
Because of these competitive aspects, historian Isabel Hull states, “imperialism was war” (Hull, 332).
Not surprisingly, the ambitions for colonies and empires were not well founded, as the colonies cost far more to maintain than their actual worth. The brutal subjugation of foreign subjects further exacerbated these problems since these policies were often met with fierce resistance from locals who aimed to disrupt and harass the conquering European powers.
As a result of these problems, Europeans approached the issues of colonization in many of the same ways. Large-scale exterminations, mass-reprisals, and brutality all figured into the European methods of dealing with unruly natives. Nevertheless, some countries implemented more extreme measures than others for the sake of showing their military might and demonstrating their power to effectively control their subjects.
As Hull states, part of the prestige in possessing an empire is the ability to maintain order and discipline. When rebellions by natives succeeded, however, it “exposed the weaknesses of the colonizers” to their European rivals (Hull, 332). This element of imperialism is important to understand, as it helps to explain the different ways that European countries explored and experienced colonization in the nineteenth-century.
While a large portion of the European powers scrambled to take possession of colonies across the world, both Great Britain and France took control of the most colonies due to their economic and military strengths (Cocker, 284). Great Britain, with its tremendous naval power and global empire, was perhaps best suited for imperial endeavors, as it possessed the financial and military means to subjugate large foreign populations with relative ease.
Countries such as Belgium, Italy, and Germany, however, all experienced imperialism on a far different and smaller scale as they each struggled greatly to maintain security over their lesser territories. Because of this reason, smaller countries like Germany, which unified under Bismarck in the 1860s and 1870s, were forced to counter these setbacks through the implementation of brutal and often extreme tactics over their colonial subjects.
These tactics, largely similar to the British treatment of Aborigines in Tasmania and Australia, helped Germany maintain its status as a world power at the expense of the native Herero people of Southwest Africa.
The German example is particularly interesting since their imperial ambitions involved a level of aggressiveness not easily matched by the other European countries. More importantly, however, the German example also provides an excellent illustration of the differences, and long-term effects that imperialism had on Europe. Of particular interest is the point made by Isabel Hull regarding future conflicts in Europe.
Hull makes the point that German aggression in Southwest Africa directly resulted from its extreme military culture that pervaded all elements of its society. With no social and political oversight, the German military, essentially, acted without any real constraints on its power (Hull, 332). Thus, as a result of their success with colonization during the nineteenth-century, Hull asserts that the military extremism developed from imperialism helped inspire German aggression for World War I only a few decades later (Hull, 237).
Such ambitions, in turn, led to Germany’s ultimate destruction in the waning moments of the First World War. These ambitions are not strictly limited to Germany either. In one form or another, imperialism directly influenced future warfare and aggression of the other European powers as well, and contributed greatly to the tumultuous and conflict-driven twentieth-century.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the revolutions of the nineteenth-century dramatically transformed Europe’s social, political, and economic spectrums in a profound manner. While they certainly varied across the continent in their intensity and overall impact, all of Europe eventually succumbed to forces that destroyed the ideals of the Old Regime. As a result of the changes in politics and economics, the revolutions of the nineteenth-century set the stage for the conflict-filled twentieth-century, as nationalist sentiment inspired European countries to come to terms with their national aspirations and desire to establish vast empires. The changes wrought by these revolutions, therefore, truly resulted in the fundamental transformation of Europe.
Further Reading
Review: Charles Breunig's The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1789-1850 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1970).
Review: Anna Clark's The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
Review: Mark Cocker's Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold: Europe’s Conquest of Indigenous Peoples (New York: Grove Press, 1998).
Review: Marc Raeff's Understanding Imperial Russia: State and Society in the Old Regime (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
Works Cited:
Books / Articles:
Breunig, Charles. The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1789-1850 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1970).
Clark, Anna. The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
Cocker, Mark. Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold: Europe’s Conquest of Indigenous Peoples (New York: Grove Press, 1998).
Hull, Isabel. Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany (London: Cornell University Press, 2005).
Raeff, Marc. Understanding Imperial Russia: State and Society in the Old Regime (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
Rich, Norman. The Age of Nationalism and Reform, 1850-1890 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1977).
Images / Photographs:
A brief summary of industrialization in France during the nineteenth century. Accessed August 02, 2017. https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/la/industrialization.html.
"British Empire." Jama Masjid, Delhi - New World Encyclopedia. Accessed June 05, 2018. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/British_Empire.
"History of Europe." Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed August 02, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe.
History.com Staff. "Napoleon Bonaparte." History.com. 2009. Accessed August 02, 2017. http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon.
Wikipedia contributors, "Industrial Revolution," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Revolution&oldid=843485379 (accessed June 5, 2018).
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.
© 2017 Larry Slawson
Comments
Larry Slawson (author) from North Carolina on August 02, 2019:
I agree Denise! Its hard to say. But I think industrialization certainly aided with the revolutionary process if you look at the social issues it created across Europe.
Denise McGill from Fresno CA on August 01, 2019:
It is such a lot to take in. So many things precipitated other things, cause and effect. Do you think without industrialization there would have been no revolution?
Denise
aadesh tikhe on February 26, 2019:
when the information was published
sulaiman_bashir on May 01, 2018:
@Eric D, it's ansurb to think on a platform like this that revoultion means just a change as you have comceived in your comments. Revolution is multifaceted and multidimensional in its scope. It may cometh slow or rather sudden and spontaneous defending on the scale and circumstances prevailing at the material time. So, broaden your mind to not just the words used to describe a process or situation but also have a regard as to the context in which they are used. Thank you.
Eric Dierker from Spring Valley, CA. U.S.A. on August 03, 2017:
Semantics are terribly hard in philosophical and historical discussion. I just cannot cotton taking "revolution" out of the minds of the plenty and defining it as a "change in direction" even though it fits a construct to put forward a political/historical base. That is very much ivory tower thinking. Carter to Reagan was not a revolution. It was a change.
10o,000 bodies is a revolution. And yet of course our earth turns at so many revolutions per minute.
Once your premise is wrong your thesis becomes faulty. Change does not equal revolution.
https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/inside-19th-century-slums-new-york/
Declassified documents show that the Nazis developed a three-step plan before the end of the war to prepare for the 4th Reich in South America:
establish sleeper cells, funnel money, and build a strategic rear base.
Since the conclusion of the Hunting Hitler investigation, more information has been brought to light that show these three phases were more mature than ever previously thought – from a 2020 release that shows 12,000 Nazis in South America holding Swiss bank accounts after WWII, to Mi5 files revealing that Nazi spies successfully infiltrated America completely undetected.
the 4th Reich’s plan and determine once and for all just how close they came to achieving their ultimate goal of attacking America.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BD-c78ZPiFQ
Nazi Weapons: 23 Crazy Devices Only They Could Have Dreamed Up
From the Vampir to the Fire Lilly to the Sun Gun, these outlandish Nazi weapons would have been devastating if they'd ever seen much action.
Nazi Weapons: 23 Crazy Devices Only They Could Have Dreamed Up
View Gallery:
https://allthatsinteresting.com/nazi-weapons
Wunderwaffe. Even in the original German, the term (which translates to "wonder weapon") sounds positively pleasant.
However, the terrifying yet often comedically ambitious weapons to which the Nazis applied this term during World War II were anything but.
From cannons to missiles to tanks, the Nazis dreamed up dozens upon dozens of weapons so outlandish, so potentially devastating that they could have come from no other group in history.
And history might have looked a lot different had the Nazis been able to actually complete these weapons, or at least reliably produce them on a large scale. But most of the time Hitler's reach far exceeded his grasp.
While these experimental wonder weapons saw little to no action, they remain fascinating what-ifs today. They're now artifacts of a time before nuclear weapons and military satellites and advanced computer circuitry, a time when guiding a missile to a target meant putting a man inside of it, a time when having the mightiest arsenal literally meant having the largest gun.
Although the Nazis didn't always succeed in having the largest gun -- literally and figuratively -- they certainly tried, and often came terrifyingly close.
From the Fire Lilly to the Vampir to the Sun Gun, above you'll find 23 of the most astounding Nazi weapons that, thankfully, never came to be.
Nazis were given luxury treatment at a clandestine camp in the US
A new documentary from Netflix explores the pleasant lives led by Nazi ... This was an unbelievable relationship forming there, between the Jewish refugees ...
How German WW2 Technology Helped Seed the World's Greatest ...
Nov 8, 2021 ... One of the most famous "confiscated" technologies of the Second World War was the jet engine. Developed in Germany by Hans von Ohain, who ...
https://allthatsinteresting.com/nazi-weapons
Nazi Weapons: 23 Crazy Devices Only They Could Have Dreamed Up
Oct 18, 2016 ... Among Nazi Germany's most pioneering and successful military advances was its series of Aggregat rockets. This series' success hit its high ...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuh9qAgxQeY
The Powerful Secrets Of Nazi Science | Timeline - YouTube
May 3, 2022 ... This doc reveals the circumstances scientists faced under Hitler, and tracks amazing technological innovations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfKC_XRRxvE
In Search of Aliens: WWII Time Travel Warfare (S1, E2) | Full Episode
Dec 12, 2021 ... At the height of World War II, the Nazis engaged their top scientists to develop "wonder weapons" --weapons that were so advanced they could ...
https://owlcation.com/humanities/Top-10-Secret-Weapons-of-Nazi-Germany
Top 10 Secret Military Weapons of Nazi Germany - Owlcation
Jul 19, 2022 ... Although amazing Nazi weapons such as Call of Duty's “Wunderwaffe DG-2” ... the technology for the Sun Gun was 50 to 100 years out of reach.
https://www.thecollector.com/wunderwaffe-super-weapons-ww2/
Wunderwaffe! 8 Superweapons of the Nazis - TheCollector
Jul 8, 2022 ... Some of these weapons were truly terrifying, utilizing technology that ... achieve unbelievable speeds that were unheard of at the time.
What where the reasons behind the unbelievable amount of ... - Quora
What where the reasons behind the unbelievable amount of technology that came out of Nazi Germany in such a small timescale? The sheer amount of German ...
https://gizmodo.com/the-definitive-collection-of-secret-nazi-weapons-1473126559
The definitive collection of secret Nazi weapons - Gizmodo
Dec 18, 2013 ... ... vertical launch rocket fighters, or infrared visors are just a few of many in this definitive collection of incredible Nazi weapons.
10 Products Created By Nazi Germany That Are Still Used Today
May 29, 2020 ... An iconic vehicle today, the Volkswagen Beetle was commissioned by Hitler in the 1930s as the “peoples car”, designed as a practical, affordable ...
https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/nazi-technology/index.html
Nazi Technology | History Detectives - PBS
Many of those scientists had questionable pasts. Braun himself had been an active member of the Nazi party, and his colleague at NASA, Dr. Hubertus Strughold, a ...
The HISTORY® Channel, a division of A+E Networks, is the premier destination for historical storytelling. From best-in-class documentary events, to a signature slate of industry leading nonfiction series and premium fact-based scripted programming, The HISTORY® Channel serves as the most trustworthy source of informational entertainment in media. The HISTORY® channel has been named the #1 U.S. TV network in buzz for seven consecutive years by YouGov BrandIndex, and a top favorite TV network by Beta Research Corporation. For a deeper dive, visit history.com or follow @history on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and TikTok. For additional press materials visit the A+E Networks Press Center at http://press.aenetworks.com
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41238463
Volksgemeinschaft Engineers: The Nazi "Voyages of Technology"
that Nazi ideology embraced modern technology and that engineers such as ... German technology must have appeared to most people as an unbelievable.
https://nypost.com/2015/06/27/meet-the-man-who-owns-the-worlds-largest-nazi-collection/
This man owns the largest collection of Nazi artifacts - New York Post
Jun 27, 2015 ... None of the major auction houses will handle Nazi memorabilia and eBay ... recovery were far more interesting than the objects themselves.
https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2019/09/freuds-last-days-in-vienna-as-nazis-approached/
Freud's Last Days in Vienna as Nazis Approached | Timeless
Sep 23, 2019 ... The personal papers of Sigmund Freud at the Library of Congress have been digitized and are available online Included on the Library's ...
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51204090
'I was 90% dead': Henri's story of surviving Auschwitz - BBC News
Jan 27, 2020 ... Henri Kichka lost his family in the Nazi death camp, but lived on to ... It married the technology of the railway and the factory with the ...
https://medium.com/exploring-history/19-insider-images-of-hitlers-war-
machine-that-will-leave-you-stunned-29a32b13fce9
19 Insider Images of Hitler's War Machine That Will Leave You ...
In-depth pictorial exploration of Nazi military technology. ... Unbelievable stories of simple photos — from mundane to memorable. medium.com ...
Mar 7, 2023 ... Cyndi Lauper compares anti-LGBTQ bills to Nazi Germany: 'This is how ... Average Nursing Salary in 2023 is Just Unbelievable (View List).
https://today.ucsd.edu/story/psychiatrist_joel_dimsdale_deciphers_psyche_of_nazi_leaders_in_new_book_ana
Psychiatrist Joel Dimsdale Deciphers Psyche of Nazi Leaders in ...
Apr 28, 2016 ... “The Nazi hierarchy was responsible for an unbelievable amount of suffering and carnage,” said Dimsdale. “At the end of the war, 75% of ...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1_8
The Nazi's Pursuit for a “Humane” Method of Killing | SpringerLink
Dec 28, 2018 ... Put simply, many Nazis believed extermination to be necessary, and for the German camp staff Zyklon-B helped deactivate the censuring gaze of ...
https://facts.net/nazi-party-facts/
Nazi Party: 50 Facts About The National Socialist - Facts.net
Jun 7, 2022 ... Definitely one of those unbelievable Nazi Party facts. The swastika is the Nazi Party symbol. The principal symbol of the Nazis was the swastika ...
https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/01/man-in-the-high-castle-when-a-nazi-ruled-world-isnt-so-dystopian/384708/
'The Man in the High Castle': When a Nazi-Run World Isn't So ...
Jan 22, 2015 ... The Nazis won World War II, and the American flag now bears a swastika. ... Make your inbox more interesting with newsletters from your ...
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history/article/volksgemeinschaft-engineers-the-nazi-voyages-of-technology/29A322122EEBE44FE2A62714BF8B71F5
Volksgemeinschaft Engineers: The Nazi “Voyages of Technology”
“The special train of German technology in the Sudentengau demonstrates that . . . the German engineer is also a great activist and propagandist.” Fritz Todt in ...
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/626561/strange-weapons-world-war-ii
10 Strange Weapons Invented During World War II - Mental Floss
Jul 16, 2020 ... Of the numerous Nazi Wunderwaffen (wonder weapons) developed during World War II, the Windkanone, or Wind Cannon, was one of the least ...
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=845485
NAZI GERMANY'S MASS MEDIA INFLUENCE APPROACH
Jun 14, 2019 ... Nazi Germany propagandists effectively massed multiple media dissemination means to ... technology was utilized to increase their propaganda ...
https://www.mapquest.com/travel/10-significant-world-war-ii-sites-to-visit-in-germany/
10 Significant World War II Sites to Visit in Germany - MapQuest Travel
Sep 17, 2015 ... Vorbunker and Führerbunker were once the places where Adolf Hitler took shelter and eventually lived. The elaborate underground concrete ...
https://www.watchmojo.com/video/id/19217
Top 5 Disturbing Facts About Nazi Experiments - WatchMojo
Delving deep into the atrocities committed by the Third Reich, we'll be exploring the evil lengths to which Nazi Germany went with their inhumane scientific ...
https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/26020/why-were-the-germans-during-the-nazi-era-so-inventive
Why were the Germans during the Nazi era so inventive? [closed]
Oct 20, 2015 ... Operation Paperclip. It is amazing how the USA and the USSR both made the same technological discoveries shortly after the War. Hello Space Race ...
https://bookauthority.org/books/best-nazi-germany-books
20 Best Nazi Germany Books of All Time - BookAuthority
The 20 best nazi germany books recommended by Ben Wikler, Mark Suster, Javed Akhtar, Jason Goldman and (((Jon Benjamin))). ... Appreciate this amazing life.
https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nazi-secret-weapons-changed-wars-outcome/story?id=10252843
Could Nazi Secret Weapons Have Changed the Course of War?
Mar 31, 2010 ... Under Hitler's heavy hand, the German military developed some of the world's most destructive technology during World War II.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/hitler-secretly-made-the-weapons-of-the-future-during-the-second-world-war-10489978.html
Hitler secretly made the weapons of the future during the Second ...
Sep 7, 2015 ... Hitler's Nazi engineers made technological developments which were innovative and far ahead of their time, manufacturing weapons such as ...
https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/second-world-war-weapons-that-failed
Second World War Weapons That Failed | Imperial War Museums
This ungainly device was intended to be used against the beach defenses of Hitler's Atlantic Wall. It consisted of two rocket-propelled wheels, ...
=====
Wunderwaffe! 8 Superweapons of the Nazis
During the Second World War, the Germans created some of the most advanced weapons, pushing the boundaries between reality and science fiction.
Jul 8, 2022 • By Greg Beyer, BA History and Linguistics, Diploma in Journalism
wunderwaffe horten h229 aerial view
Throughout the Second World War, the Nazis created a slew of unorthodox weapons, some of which saw battlefield action and some of which never made it out of the concept stage.
Some of these weapons were truly terrifying, utilizing technology that very few people had seen before.
They struck terror into the hearts of their victims, whether those victims were soldiers on the battlefield or civilians in the cities and towns.
Most of these weapons were revolutionary in design and went on to become the fathers and grandfathers of weapons systems that we have today, as their ideas were improved upon by the victors of World War II. And while some were awe-inspiring and impressive beyond a doubt, some were truly bizarre. Here are some of the most noteworthy examples of the Wunderwaffe inventory.
1. Me-262 “Schwalbe”: Germany’s Flying Wunderwaffe
wunderwaffe world war ii me 262
An Me-262 at the Berlin Airshow in 2010, from Fabrizio Bensch/ Reuters, via Der Spiegel
The Me-262 “Schwalbe” (Swallow) was the world’s first jet-powered fighter aircraft and arguably the most prominent of Hitler’s Wunderwaffe aircraft. It would have seen active service earlier in the war, but problems with metal quality, engine, and political interference meant the aircraft only saw action from April 1944. The Me-262 was so superior in the air that the Allies could only counter its effectiveness by destroying it on the ground and during take-off and landing. Its incredibly high rate of climb compared with prop-driven fighter planes at the time meant that once airborne, the Me-262 was almost impossible to intercept.
Had the Me-262 been introduced earlier in the war, it might have had a significant impact, but the reality was that too few were manufactured. Allied bombing had a disastrous effect on Germany’s ability to source quality material, and it slowed down production time drastically. As a result, Germany decided to focus on producing aircraft that were easier to manufacture.
2. The V-1
v 1 buzz bomb
The V-1, via roundsixpod.com
It went by many names. The Germans named it the Kirschkern (Cherry Stone) or the Maikäfer (Maybug), while the British called it the “Buzz Bomb” and the “Doodlebug.” The Reich Aviation Ministry designated it the “Fi 103,” but whatever name it went by, the V-1 was a terrifying weapon. It was the first of the so-called Vergeltungswaffen, or “Vengeance Weapons,” used by Nazi Germany and designed to strike terror into the hearts of the enemy. The V-1 was the world’s first cruise missile.
The Nazis first launched V-1s at London on June 13, 1944, one week after the Allied landings at Normandy. At first, over a hundred V-1s were being launched every day, but as the Allies progressed further eastwards, the V-1s limited range meant that targets had to move eastwards as well. As England fell out of range, V-1s were launched at targets in the Netherlands and Belgium and continued right up until the end of the war.
Defenses against the V-1 included barrage balloons and the usual anti-aircraft guns, but one method was effective, albeit extremely dangerous. Fighter pilots could use their aircraft’s wing to flip the V-1 upside down in flight and confuse its guidance system.
Ultimately, the V-1 proved effective in that it was cost-effective for Germany, and it forced Britain to divert much of its war effort into defending against them. By the end of the war, many thousands of V-1s had been launched.
3. Me-163 “Komet”
wunderwaffe me 163
The Me-163, via aeropedia.com.au
The Me-163 represented an extremely bold experiment with weaponry. This Wunderwaffe was extremely dangerous to fly, partly due to the fact that it was not a true jet aircraft but a flying rocket with a skid for landing gear. Upon take-off, the wheels would detach, and landing would require the pilot to land the plane on the runway using a skid.
The hazardous operation of this aircraft was also compounded by the highly volatile rocket propellant called “T-Stoff,” which led to many mishaps, including the death of the high-ranking Oberleutnant and fighter ace Josef Pöhs.
The fact that the aircraft was rocket-powered meant that it could achieve unbelievable speeds that were unheard of at the time. It was the first piloted aircraft to reach a speed of over 1,000 kilometers per hour, and its record speed is 1,130 kilometers per hour (700mph). For comparison, the top speed of the P51-Mustang, considered a very fast prop-driven aircraft, was 440 miles per hour (708kph).
Only 370 Me-163s were ever built, and despite their revolutionary design and incredible speed, they proved to be underwhelming in their performance. Ten were lost in combat, while the Me-163 shot down only between nine and eighteen Allied aircraft.
4. Schwerer Gustav
schwere gustav hitler
Hitler and his generals inspecting the largest gun ever built, “Schwerer Gustav,” via worldwar2facts.org
Schwerer (heavy) Gustav was the largest artillery piece to have ever been built. It was a railway gun designed specifically for destroying French forts along the Maginot line. The gun was not ready in time for the campaign against France, but it did see action later in the war, during the Siege of Sevastopol, where it proved highly effective with its 800mm (31-inch) shells. During the siege, it destroyed a munitions depot located 30 meters (98 feet) below ground.
Fortunately for the Soviets, Sevastopol was the only instance where they would be on the receiving end of Schwerer Gustav. The gun was moved to Leningrad to take part in the siege there, but the Soviets had already lifted the siege before the gun could fire.
The whole artillery piece weighed 1490 tons and had a length of 47.3 meters (155 ft 2 in). It required a crew of 250 to perform the myriad duties involved in prepping the gun for firing. This involved laying track dedicated to the gun, digging entrenchments, and assembling the gun.
Along with Schwerer Gustav, “Dora,” a second gun was ordered. Traditionally, when artillery was ordered, the Krupp company, which manufactured the gun, never asked for payment for the first piece. As such, Schwerer Gustav was provided to the Wehrmacht for free. Although it looked impressive, this Wunderwaffe did not get to see much action.
5. Panzer VIII Maus
panzer viii maus
The surviving Panzer VIII Maus at the Kubinka Tank Museum in Russia, via tankmuseum.ru
The Maus (Mouse) was anything but little. It was the biggest fully-enclosed armored fighting vehicle ever built. Weighing in at 207 tons and with a length of 33 feet (10.2 meters), the Maus would have certainly been a terrifying sight on the battlefield if it had ever been deployed. Five were ordered, but only two were ever built.
They underwent trials in late 1944, and the 128mm gun was proven to be capable of destroying any and all armored vehicles used by the Allies, with some tests being successful at 3,500 meters (11,500 feet).
This Wunderwaffe, however, had considerable drawbacks. Building an engine powerful enough but small enough to fit in the vehicle was a challenge, and during testing, the fastest speed ever achieved was 14 miles per hour (22 kph). In addition to its slow speed, the vehicle’s weight made it impossible to cross most bridges. As such, the tank was intended to drive through rivers with the aid of a snorkel and was supposedly capable of submerging 26 feet (8 meters).
The war ended before the Maus could ever be put into action. The Russians captured the prototypes and sent them back to Russia for testing. The turret of the second tank was connected to the hull of the first tank. The surviving vehicle is housed in the Kubinka Tank Museum near Moscow.
6. The Horten Ho 229: A Wunderwaffe Far Ahead of Its Time
wunderwaffe horten h 229
A CGI screenshot from “War Thunder” of a Horten Ho 229 in flight, via nationalinterest.com
The project was a response to Hermann Goering’s demand for a light bomber that could carry 1,000 kilograms for 1,000 kilometers at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour. The result was a flying wing design that did more than its creators realized.
Like many other German Wunderwaffe, this machine never made it out of the prototype phase. Only three aircraft were built, but none ever saw action beyond the testing phase.
After the war, tests were done on mock-up versions of the Ho 229, and it was found that the aircraft did, indeed, have a smaller radar cross-section than other conventional aircraft at the time, although not significant. Although tests showed only a moderate improvement in the size of radar cross-section, being 80% of a contemporary prop-driven aircraft, the Horten’s speed, combined with this reduction, would have made it nigh impossible to intercept.
Although Reimar Horten claimed that he had ideas to coat the plane in radar-absorbing dust, his claim came decades after the war, when stealth technology was being understood in the media.
Historians remain skeptical of his claims. Nevertheless, the aircraft did absorb radar waves, serving as a starting point for America’s own stealth program.
The only surviving piece is the third prototype central chassis with engines and cockpit, housed at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC.
Perhaps one of the best known of Hitler’s Wunderwaffe was the V-2, a successor to the V-1 and the world’s first long-range guided ballistic missile.
The V-2 was Hitler’s revenge for the Allied bombing of German cities, and they began falling from the skies over Allied cities from September 1944 onwards. Over 3,000 were launched during the course of the war, and over 9,000 civilian targets lost their lives. But its most deadly toll was on the forced laborers. Over 12,000 laborers and concentration camp prisoners died in the production of these weapons.
The guidance system was a particular problem for the Allies, as it used a complex set of gyroscopes that could not be jammed. Initially, the British assumed the guidance system made use of radio, and efforts to jam the weapon proved useless, especially since it descended on its targets at a speed of almost Mach 3.
The V-2 traveled at supersonic speeds, and there was no defense against it. It struck without warning and made no sound before impact. They were launched from mobile platforms that could be well-hidden in wooded areas, making it extremely difficult for Allied bombers to spot and neutralize them.
After the war, the Soviets and the Western Allies raced to retrieve as many V-2s and German scientists as possible. The principal scientist who worked on the program, Wernher von Braun, was captured by the Americans and went on to form the foundation of the first rockets used in America’s space program. The Soviets also used V-2 technology to further their space program. Sputnik was launched into orbit by the world’s first intercontinental ballistic missile, a direct descendant of the V-2 and designed by German scientists working for the Soviets.
8. Landkreuzer P. 1000 “Ratte”: A Wunderwaffe Too Big for the Battlefield
wunderwaffe p 1000 ratte
An artist’s impression of the P. 1000 “Ratte” superheavy tank, via weaponsandwarfare.com
Although it never made it out of the concept stage, it deserves a place as one of Germany’s Wunderwaffe for the sheer audaciousness of its design.
The P. 1000 Ratte was more than a tank. At over 1,000 tons, the vehicle was more of a mobile battle platform than an actual tank. The vehicle was designed to be a platform for two 280mm guns and protected by four 128mm anti-aircraft guns. Between 20 and 41 soldiers would operate the entire machine.
Hitler was enamored with the concept, but Albert Speer, seeing no use for such a ridiculously large tank, canceled the project before any prototype could be built. Of course, this list is only a small portion of the Wunderwaffe employed or imagined by the Nazis. Some designs were outlandishly ridiculous, some were science fiction that would take decades to build, and some were absolutely deadly. If there’s one thing we know for sure, it’s that the cruel and unstoppable Nazis were not lacking in the creativity department.
Madonna accused of satanic provocation
Madonna has come into religious controversy again,with a former president comparing her to the Satan
London | August 7, 2009
Pop diva Madonna has come into the ambit of religious controversy again,with a former president comparing her to the Satan.
Madonna accused of satanic provocation - Hindustan Times
Aug 7, 2009 ... Pop diva Madonna has come into the ambit of religious controversy again, with a former president comparing her to the Satan.
Nobel Prize-winning former Polish president Lech Walesa has expressed his displeasure with the fact that Madonna’s upcoming show ‘Sticky & Sweet’ is happening on the same day as the Feast Of The Assumption,the day Mother Mary ascended to Heaven, Female first reported.
“It is a Satanic provocation. I am a man of faith and ask for such events not to happen on such an important feast in my religion,” said the devout Roman Catholic.
Madonna’s scheduled concert was described as “an attack by the devil on our immaculate Catholic nation” by Father Stanislaw Malkowski who is leading the protest against the controversial pop star.
Madonna had earlier run into a controversy with the Catholic church for the controversial video of her song ‘Like a Prayer’ in 1989 and more recently with an on-stage dedication of ‘Like A Virgin’ to the Pope last year.
The impending concert has created a wave of protest in the Catholic nation with Parliamentarian Marian Brudzynski saying,”The concert of a highly perverse singer who calls herself ‘Madonna’ is deeply humiliating to Warsaw residents and Poles in general.”
Madonna Wants To Be High Priestess in 'Madame X' Tour
"Are you all starting to get it?" Madonna asked from the stage, at least several times, to a fawning, screaming audience whom she treated at times more like a kindergarten classroom than who they were — a crowd of well-heeled, mostly middle-aged fans who could afford orchestra seats for her pricey Madame X tour.
"Madame X is a teacher. She's a rebel. She's a head of state. She's a mother. She's a child. She's a whore. And she is a saint." (I'm paraphrasing only slightly — no cellphones were allowed.)
Madonna, at 61, sees herself as all of the above, except (maybe) head of state. And in her new tour, which just finished the last of a three-night engagement at the Golden Gate Theater in San Francisco, she is not so much playing a character as just another in a long series of chameleon-like variations on her public self.
She sounds every bit the confident, caustic "bad girl" she wanted us to see on the Truth or Dare tour nearly 30 years ago, only she's no girl anymore and likely more invested in her legacy as a performer than in selling albums or concert seats. (Or in making things pleasant for an aging fanbase, many of whom were weary and overheated in a stuffy theater by the time she went on, some 40 minutes later than announced and hours after the theater opened, around 11:10 p.m.)
She admits a little bit of weakness — twice she mentioned tendonitis in a hip flexor, an injury she apparently had when the tour began in September according to this Rolling Stone review, though perhaps this is a second injury.
But that's only so that you're more impressed with all the dancing she does.
If I walked away with anything from Tuesday night's show — apart from memories of a truly stunning visual spectacle, enhanced by recent advances in projection mapping — it's that Madonna, more than ever, still craves respect and adoration as an artist and activist more than as a pop icon, but she'll accept a role as quasi-religious icon if she must.
She isn't afraid to patronize the kids with auto-tuned, one-off singles like "Crave" (feat. Swae Lee) and "Future" (feat. Quavo) — or "Bitch I'm Madonna" from 2015's Rebel Heart. But her heart is mostly in awing everyone with bold visuals of gun violence, gun protests, and the borrowed soulfulness of her video for "Batuka," which is sung (along with the projected video) with the help of the Orquestra Batukadeiras — a group of African Portuguese Creole women from Cape Verde, whom she has brought on the tour with her.
Much of the new album grew out of Madonna's recent experience living in Portugal while her now 14-year-old son David Banda was at a soccer school. As the story goes, she got bored being alone there while he played soccer, so she started going out to clubs and cafes and fell in love with fado, the guitar-based music genre native to Lisbon.
According to this June profile in New York Times, "One night, she visited a Frenchman’s crumbling home on the sea for an improv session, mostly of fado musicians. 'There was a vibration there that was magical and palpable, and suddenly musicians started playing,' she said."
And if you haven't gathered by now, the show Madonna is now performing in small-ish theaters in major cities is a mashup of many things with only the vaguest threads to link them.
A quieter central portion of the show, all set in a projected space meant to look like a fado cafe, includes several of her new songs featuring Portuguese guitar — along with the strumming talents of 16-year-old Gaspar Varela, great-grandson of late, famed singer Celeste Rodrigues, whom Madonna also recruited in Lisbon. ("There's not enough dressing rooms for everyone. My manager's not talking to me right now," Madonna said at one point, emphasizing that she still had to have her way and we should all be grateful.)
The show begins and ends with a James Baldwin quote that gets typed on a projection screen multiple times just to make sure we read and absorb it:
"Art is here to prove that all safety is an illusion… Artists are here to disturb the peace."
======================
Satanic Hollywood & the Cult of Satan
August 12, 2020
The BEAST System and the Antichrist Spirit
As described on my previous blog; 13 Bloodlines of the Illuminati, Luciferianism is the "Old Religion" and it is also the bloodline of Cain who is the seed of Lucifer, while those who come from outside the Luciferian Bloodlines are the Satanists who practice Satanic rituals like harvesting Andrenochrome through child sacrifice by joining the cult of Satan. These Celebrities/Satanists all have signed a deal with the devil in exchange for Talents and Fame. Unbeknownst to them, the reality of their deal is that they give up their spirit and allow for a demonic entity known in Hebrew as HaSatan or the Satan, to enter and possess their mortal body. These demonic entities known as Satan are the Fallen angels who were cast out of Heaven with Lucifer. As seen above, each one of these possessed celebrities are all posing in the same manner showing you the "Eye of Horus". This is the same spirit revealing itself to other occultists who communicate through symbolism as seen in the picture above.
Since the inception of Hollywood, the Luciferian elite have always been in control of those spirits who are used for many purposes like idol worship and predictive programming. They control in great detail who will be the next Elvis Presley, the next Madonna, the next Lady Gaga, and all of the most famous names Hollywood has ever created. These demonic spirits became icons and idols whose fame captured the hearts and minds of their fans. This is how the spirit of the antichrist has entered our homes and our lives. Each generation has grown more obsessed with celebrity gossip though the constant coverage of their lives of the rich and famous. Through "reality" TV shows we are given a glimpse into their personal lives. Many people identify through these celebrities while many others become obsessed with these icons turning them into their own personal IDOLS (idol worship). The greatest example of idol worship and the spirit of Satan can be seen through the career of Madonna who has since become a high-priestess for these occult rituals.
Madonna’s Egyptian mystery religion performance at the 2012 Super Bowl was a salute to Baphomet, “The Sabbatic Goat”. This demonic entity is also known as Satan. The Baphomet is a pansexual humanoid goat with a pair of breasts and a phallus representing the half-human and half-animal, male and female, good and evil duality of the Spirit of the Antichrist. Her Super Bowl Halftime Show was a Satanic ritual that paid tribute to their master. As a Kabbalah initiate, Madonna referred to the Super Bowl as the “Holy of Holies” as it was the name of the most sacred place in Solomon’s Temple. This halftime show was watched by over 111 Million Viewers. Madonna’s head, arms, and legs form the shape of a downward pointed pentagram symbolizing the goat. This symbol was adopted by the Church of Satan. The humanoid goat Baphomet figure was first drawn and popularized in 1854 by occultist Eliphas Lévi.
Madonna’s Egyptian mystery religion performance at the 2012 Super Bowl was a salute to Baphomet, “The Sabbatic Goat”. This demonic entity is also known as Satan. The Baphomet is a pansexual humanoid goat with a pair of breasts and a phallus representing the half-human and half-animal, male and female, good and evil duality of the Spirit of the Antichrist. Her Super Bowl Halftime Show was a Satanic ritual that paid tribute to their master. As a Kabbalah initiate, Madonna referred to the Super Bowl as the “Holy of Holies” as it was the name of the most sacred place in Solomon’s Temple. This halftime show was watched by over 111 Million Viewers. Madonna’s head, arms, and legs form the shape of a downward pointed pentagram symbolizing the goat. This symbol was adopted by the Church of Satan. The humanoid goat Baphomet figure was first drawn and popularized in 1854 by occultist Eliphas Lévi.
Baphomet and the Sabbatic Goat
The Sabbatic Goat and Baphomet have numerous and a rather deep symbolism concerning occult and left-hand path meaning. The Baphomet of Luciferianism extends into the origins of the idol and representation of Baphomet as the "model" of the Black Adept or High Priest who seeks power via the Left-Hand Path. The following are a few paragraphs from Michael W. Ford's "The Bible of the Adversary" and "Dragon of the Two Flames" (Succubus Productions).
"The Black Head of Wisdom or Baphomet. This Luciferian Baphomet is presented differently from the traditional Levi Baphomet. The figure is Black, the symbolism behind this is the Arabic root word fhm, meaning Black or “wise”. The horns represent power, the beast head is the carnal body, and the torch represents the Black Flame and Wisdom. The inverted pentagram represents the power of the Adversary and the Divinity fallen into humanity; thus the possibility for ascension and the knowledge of both darkness and light. The wings are symbols of angelic spirit, the higher intellect. The moon above and below in which Baphomet points to indicates balance; that there is no complete “good” or “evil” and their points of view. Baphomet also is presented as Cain the First Sorcerer and Luciferian. The twin serpents are Do-mar and Dehak, the snakes of Azhi-Dahak. Cain is thus the power of the infernal and angelic, the son of The Serpent and the Whore, thus a symbol of the Luciferian as an individual" -Paraphrased from "The Bible of the Adversary" by Michael W. Ford
"Baphomet, the symbol of the Black Adept, the Luciferian who has illuminated the divine and daemonic Black Flame through the union of Leviathan (Satan), Samael and Lilith have transformed anew. The Sabbatic Goat is the symbol of the wisdom, power, and strength of the cup of venom and the life-blood of the Rephaim and Nephilim of old. As partly, Baphomet is considered "Chioa", "The Beast" who is the offspring of the union of Samael and Lilith encircled by Leviathan. Cain is described in many Jewish Qabalah texts as having a ‘Shining Countenance’ which can be perceived as a force of Will or character. In this sense, Cain is considered Saturn the "star" of evil which causes chaos of Israel. The name of Cain is thought to translate as "The Wrathful One" in the Luciferian tradition. Cain is confirmed by Cabalistic texts as "the Son of Satan". The "Mark of Cain" is the Horn, thus representing Power and Wisdom in the Ancient Near East"- Paraphrased from "Dragon of the Two Flames" by Michael W. Ford
Super Bowl 2012. Egyptian Symbolism and ritual. Madonna -Kabbalah High Priest. Idol Worship. 111 Million Viewers. Occult Magick.
Super Bowl 2012. Egyptian Symbolism and ritual. Madonna -Kabbalah High Priest. Idol Worship. 111 Million Viewers. Occult Magick.
I can write a whole blog just on the Super Bowl half time shows and even the Olympic ceremonies that have consistent occult symbolism in all of their pop "star" celebrity performances and satanic rituals. Although they are very entertaining, they have nothing to do with entertainment. It has to do with occult ceremonies and captivating collective energy. Hence my emphasis on how many people watched Madonnas 2012 performance with 111.3 Million viewers. Hence why Madonna is so famous and why she's not only an icon but also an idol. From the very beginning of her "fame", her occult pact with the cult of Satan was shown through her music, lyrics, and videos. In her song "Like a Prayer" she sings:
"I hear your voice
It's like an angel sighing
I have no choice, I hear your voice
Feels like flying
I close my eyes
Oh God, I think I'm falling
Out of the sky, I close my eyes
Heaven help me"
This is Lucifer falling from heaven as "the fallen angels" as written in the Book of Enoch. Every occult practitioner is bound to identify itself in order for the spiritual law and the power of free will to partake in ritual magick. According to the Mystery Religions, the Devil has to always identify himself which is why Hollywood is drenched in occult symbolism. Since the very beginning of Madonna's career, she has shown her alliance with the Luciferian elite.
Madonna's performance of the song "Future" at the 2019 Eurovision song contest in Israel, and the back cover of her latest album "Madame X" released June 2019. (corona -predictive programming)
Madonna's performance of the song "Future" at the 2019 Eurovision song contest in Israel, and the back cover of her latest album "Madame X" released June 2019. (corona -predictive programming)
Aleister Crowley: The Father of the New Age
Madonna is a perfect example of a Satanic Hollywood Elite puppet but she is not the only example. We can find better examples through the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and Led Zepplin, all of which have openly spoken about the man who ushered in the New Age of Satanism, Aleister Crowley. You have to understand that Luciferianism is an Old Religion and a bloodline. Many bloodline Luciferians have branched out into many cults though many different people who always come from old money and Royal Blood. The Father of Occultism and Master Magician, Aleister Crowley is the founder of the religion of Thelema.
Wikipedia describes Crowley as -"identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life.
Born to a wealthy family in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, Crowley rejected his parents' fundamentalist Christian Plymouth Brethren faith to pursue an interest in Western esotericism. He was educated at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, where he focused his attentions on mountaineering and poetry, resulting in several publications. Some biographers allege that here he was recruited into a British intelligence agency, further suggesting that he remained a spy throughout his life.
In 1898 he joined the esoteric Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, where he was trained in ceremonial magic by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers and Allan Bennett.
Moving to Boleskine House by Loch Ness in Scotland, he went mountaineering in Mexico with Oscar Eckenstein, before studying Hindu and Buddhist practices in India.
He married Rose Edith Kelly and in 1904 they honeymooned in Cairo, Egypt, where Crowley claimed to have been contacted by a supernatural entity named Aiwass, who provided him with The Book of the Law, a sacred text that served as the basis for Thelema. Announcing the start of the Æon of Horus, The Book declared that its followers should "Do what thou wilt" and seek to align themselves with their True Will through the practice of magick."
Aleister Crowley is the Father of the New Age Movement and the New Age of Horus, the Egyptian God.
The most influential man in the 20th century through Hollywood is an occultist and Luciferian who called himself "the Beast" and identified himself as the number "666".
There isn't a famous celebrity/satanist who doesn't know who Aleister Crowley is. No other single human being has been more instrumental in the popularization of the New Age Movement than this man who the pressed dubbed him "The Wickedest Man in History".
Gary Lachman's work on the occult’s “great beast” traces the arc of his controversial life and influence on rock-and-roll giants, from the Rolling Stones to Led Zeppelin to Black Sabbath. When Aleister Crowley died in 1947, he was not an obvious contender for the most enduring pop-culture figure of the next century.
But twenty years later, Crowley’s name and image were everywhere.
The Beatles put him on the cover of Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page owned Crowleys home from 1970 until 1992.
The Rolling Stones were briefly serious devotees. Today, his visage hangs in goth clubs, occult temples, occult bookstores, and much of pop culture. His methods of ceremonial magick have influenced the 20th century since the late '60s.
Gary Lachman's work on the occult’s “great beast” traces the arc of his controversial life and influence on rock-and-roll giants, from the Rolling Stones to Led Zeppelin to Black Sabbath. When Aleister Crowley died in 1947, he was not an obvious contender for the most enduring pop-culture figure of the next century. But twenty years later, Crowley’s name and image were everywhere. The Beatles put him on the cover of Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page owned Crowleys home from 1970 until 1992. The Rolling Stones were briefly serious devotees. Today, his visage hangs in goth clubs, occult temples, occult bookstores, and much of pop culture. His methods of ceremonial magick have influenced the 20th century since the late '60s.
Page bought the Boleskine House on the southern bank of Loch Ness in 1970.
Driven by his long interest in Black Magick and the work of Crowley who lived there in the early 1900s
Crowley was an initiate and Grand Master of the Ordo Templi Orienti (O.T.O.) which Jimmy Page was a disciple of.
The video below gives you a look into just how influential Crowley has been to the Hollywood elite and the cult of Satan.
Black Magick & "The Book of the Law"
In 1904, Crowley took part in a magical ritual inside the Great Pyramid in Cairo Egypt with his occultist wife during which he alleges to have received a message from an entity named Aiwass. As a result of this communication, Crowley wrote the first three chapters of "the Book of the Law" – a mystical text which he believed would revolutionize the future of mankind and religion.
It announced the advent of a new eon (meaning age), in which Crowley has become the priest-prince of a new religion, the Age of Horus. He was to formulate a link between humanity and the solar-spiritual force during which the god Horus would preside for the next two thousand years over the evolution of consciousness on this planet. This is why Hollywood has captured the collective-hive-mind through pop culture and occult mysticism as seen by Madonna's halftime show depicting the Baphomet. All of Hollywood is littered with references to Horus, the Baphomet, and even Crowley himself.
According to Crowley's religion of Thelema, the Aeon of Horus or Age of Horus will be the dualistic approach to religion which will transcend through the abolition of the present notion of a God external to oneself. The two will be united. “Man will no longer worship God as an external factor, as in Paganism, or as an internal state of consciousness, as in Christianity, but will realize his identity with God.” -Book of the Law.
The New Age Movement claims that you are the creator. You are a God or like a God, The new Aeon of Horus, based on the union of the male and female polarities like the Baphomet, will involve the magical use of psychedelics and sexual energy, and blood sacrifice of children culminating in an apotheosis of matter as symbolized by the androgynous Baphomet of the Templars and the Illuminati.
Aleister Crowley claimed to have sacrificed 150 children a year. Satanic rituals have developed into the use of the drug Adrenochrome which is harvested from the adrenal gland of a living child.
Children are tortured in order to have adrenaline pumped out by the gland.
When consuming adrenalized blood, they get a purely euphoric high which culminates into a blood orgy.
These rituals are vile and disgusting.
One major effect of Adronochrome besides the euphoric ecstasy of sexual indulgence, it also has a tremendous anti-aging effect which is why celebrities or "STARS" like Jeniffer Lopes, Ellen Degeneres, and Cher (to name a few), never age.
Celebrities are the STARS of Hollywood
Ever wonder why we call celebrities STARS and why some fans worship them like gods or goddesses?
Wikipedia says -"The Thelemic pantheon—a collection of gods and goddesses who either literally exist or serve as symbolic archetypes or metaphors—includes a number of deities, primarily a trio adapted from ancient Egyptian religion, who are the three speakers of The Book of the Law:
Nuit, Hadit and Ra-Hoor-Khuit.
In at least one instance, Crowley described these deities as a "literary convenience".[4]
Three statements, in particular, distill the practice and ethics of Thelema:
"Do what thou wilt" shall be the whole of the Law, meaning that adherents of Thelema should seek out and follow their true path, i.e. find or determine their True Will.[5]
Love is the law, love under will, i.e. the nature of the Law of Thelema is love, but love itself is subsidiary to finding and manifesting one's authentic purpose or "mission".
Every man and every woman is a STAR, which is to say that in the 20th century era vulgaris cosmology, it is implied by metaphor that persons doing their Wills are like STARS in the universe: occupying a time and position in space, yet distinctly individual and having an independent nature largely without undue conflict with other STARS."
The influence of Crowley has gone from the "Rock Stars" of the '70s to the new "Stars" of today. Crowley's Motto "Do what thou wilt", and the Baphomet is all over Hollywood.
Jay Z wearing a "Do what thou wilt" hoodie, and Beyonce showing the Sabbatic Goat, the Baphomet.
The Don Killuminati:
The 7 Day Theory (commonly shortened to The 7 Day Theory or Makaveli) is the fifth studio album by American rapper Tupac Shakur. Tupac spoke out against the Illuminati.
The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory (commonly shortened to The 7 Day
Theory or Makaveli) is the fifth studio album by American rapper Tupac Shakur. Tupac spoke out against the Illuminati.
"Stars" who wanted out of the Illuminati were either killed or had their deaths faked.
Once you learn to see the occult symbolism all over movies and music videos, you can identify the same spirit manifesting its energy through each of these members of the cult of Satan which we know as "Hollywood Stars".
Child Sacrifice plays a major role in their rituals. Blood oaths are very real and have dire consequences to those who break the oath.
Crowley was not only a Satanist and a significant influence of Rock Stars, but he has also introduced many new age movement practices of today into mainstream society through pop-culture by the means of these celebrities who practice these rituals in secret, yet they have to show you their allegiance to their occult origins in their art. Many, if not all celebrities are initiates of the Cult of Satan. They are the New Age Movement.
“In the scores of books lining the shelves of New Age bookstores, there are instructions for guided meditation, creative visualizations, out of body experiences, getting in touch with your spirit guides, fortune-telling by cards, crystal balls or the stars. What if Satanists reclaimed these for their own dark purposes and integrated them into rituals dedicated to the Devil, where they rightfully belong? New Agers have freely drawn upon all manner of Satanic material, adapting it to their own hypocritical purposes… But in truth, all ‘New Age’ labeling is, again, trying to play the Devil’s game without using His Infernal name” —Anton LaVey, quoted in Church of Satan, B. Barton, p.107
Given all the connections to Crowley as mentioned in this article, we have to understand that he's only popularized because of his ritual magick and glorification of him by the "Stars". There are many other occult Luciferians that make up the Hollywood elite that we might never know of. Ghislaine Maxwell, Jeffrey Epstein, Harvey Weinstein, Jimmy Saville, are all just a few names that only skims the surface of a long occult history that involves human trafficking and child sacrifice.
There is a major reason why child trafficking is a multi-billion dollar industry.
The only ones who can afford it are the rich. And the ones who have publicly shown their ties to the cult of Satan who practice human sacrifices are the famous.
============
But while Madame X, the show is compellingly odd at times, and no doubt unique as a theatrical concert among her generation of icons, I still can't say that Madonna has transcended beyond "great performer" to disturber of the peace.
The only moment of real theater I witnessed was when she sat on the edge of the stage and invited a stranger to give her a sip of their drink and chat. (The handsome military man who complied was clearly a prepped plant who handed her a glass beer bottle full of water, much like one a dancer had handed her earlier — and the Golden Gate Theater doesn't sell beer in bottles to take to your seat.
She then semi-convincingly played a beer drinker for 90 seconds while catching her breath.) Apart from nods to the Parkland and Pulse nightclub shootings, Madonna's co-opting of yet another culture not her own and lazy off-the-cuff banter felt out of touch — even with evolving ideas about mental health when she griped about people getting up to use the bathroom or go to the bar as having "ADDDD or ADHD," or when she asked an increasingly listless crowd if their Adderall was kicking in.
I thought about Taylor Mac's 24-Decade History of Popular Music. I sat through that in six-hour stretches and rarely felt very bored or restless.
And no matter what I was feeling I knew that Taylor was going to come out with an articulate and thoughtful thing to tie together whatever I just saw. Madonna tended more toward the persona and mode she's most comfortable in — like that too-knowing friend of your older sister who likes to ask you sarcastic questions and never lets her guard down. "You get it yet!?"
For all the ways I love her "Bitch I'm Madonna" swagger and the unique position she is in as an artist and icon, there's a point at which her bravado and aggressive diva-ness are lost on all but her super-fans, and the rest of us are left sighing to ourselves and saying "Bitch, just do 'Ray of Light' already." I don't want her retiring into a Las Vegas residency and turning into a caricature of herself, trotting out her hits and ceasing to look for inspiration. But I can't say that the new material is inspiring enough to carry as much of this intimate show as she wants it to. And I felt like I was expected to worship each costume change and come-to-church moment, spanning the cultures that have influenced her various albums, from Hindu-Buddhist to British trance to gospel to, now, batuque and fado.
There were a lot of slow moments, and the only times she truly energized the crowd were with excellent revisions of 90s hits like "Vogue" and "Human Nature," very early in the two-hour-and-20-minute set. By the time she's taken off her embroidered sari and put on her priest's vestments for "Like a Prayer," which transitions into her finale with the new song, "I Rise," it felt like she'd lost the crowd (except for the super-fans who'd already paid to see this once and were back again). I was ready to rise mostly because I was tired, it was 1:30 a.m., and I've outgrown the person who saw her as a flawless gay icon and god. I see we're all flawed, and Madonna's spent the better part of two decades trying to stay relevant if not quite edgy, and if nothing else I'm happy she found a new music genre to play with in Portugal.
I wasn't the only one grumbling about the decided lack of crowd-pleasers in the set as we all filed to the doors to get our cellphone satchels unlocked so we could return to our realities.
And she still never did "Ray of Light."
https://www.religionnewsblog.com/10376/madonna-the-high-priestess-of-kaballah
nged everyone talks about herself: from provocations to the biggest medal
di Simone Marchetti
18 gennaio 2023
Madonna's voice is gentle, but her words are heavy as boulders. The words of Madonna possess the gravity of a planet that has attracted love and hate, passion and criticism, obsession, and applause to orbit around her. «It was my destiny», she recounts, enunciating every single letter, «And I accepted it. I accepted it because it was what I had to do. I accepted it because this is the journey I had to take on this earth».
Pioneer and trailblazer, diva and pop star. After a 40-year career, today she’s preparing a new tour and a movie about her life. We meet her one winter’s afternoon at an anonymous spot in Bushwick, in the north of Brooklyn, New York. The sky is gray, the street quiet. A black van pulls up, a door opens and a petite figure steps out, sporting a black hoodie with a pair of copper-colored braids sprouting from it. Seconds later, this strange, dark version of Alice in Wonderland disappears through a door that leads to a warehouse.
There are no pallets of goods inside, however; instead there are clowns, artists, dancers, supermodels, make-up artists, hairdressers, stylists, and stage technicians. For two days, these people will spend every minute with her until 4 a.m. They have all come together to bring to life an exclusive art project for Vanity Fair, created by photographers Luigi&Iango (you can see it on the pages that follow) which reflects on the career, values, creativity and provocations of an artist who has not only changed the history of entertainment, but contributed to the cultural evolution of the whole world. She has changed its direction and trajectory, like an extra moon causing the tides to shift.
Forty years of songs, provocations, shows, hits, criticism, and acclaim. How much has it all cost you?
«I could answer several billion, but then in what currency? That’s hard to quantify because taking risks and the artistic process is hard to measure. When you devote your time and energy working towards and fighting for things that other people don’t believe in, it can cost you time that you would otherwise spend relaxing or feeling comfort, or having an easy life. The thing it’s cost me the most is loss of sleep and maybe less time spent with people I love - also peace of mind. But I feel that it is a necessary part of the journey I am on and it’s a price I have accepted».
What has been the greatest victory and the worst loss of your career?
«Guiding my children to where they are in life, and feeling like “so far, so good.” That’s been the hardest battle».
What about in your career?
«I can’t really say, but the fact that I still have a career is my most beautiful victory».
Your worst loss?
«I don’t want to focus on defeat because I feel like everything is a victory - even things we perceive as loss».
I’d like to talk through this art project by Luigi&Iango for Vanity Fair with you. Let's start with the image of the Virgin Mary—the Madonna—portrayed on the cover. You have always been attacked by the Catholic Church…
«Let’s start with the photos, just wearing a crown on my head and holding all the robes and balancing on this platform I felt like I was being attacked, just in this photoshoot. That was the metaphor for the question you are asking me. It’s literally hard to wear a heavy crown on your head. So how did it feel? The first time I felt really attacked was when I did the press conference in Rome while filming “Truth or Dare.” I was raised a Catholic and at the end of the day. I thought if the Catholic Church did not perceive my work as an artist as doing something good, then that was their problem and an extension of their narrow mindedness and inability to see that anything that brings people together, that preaches freedom of expression and unity - is a good thing. It mirrors the teachings of Jesus and Christianity at its core, so I felt like it was a hypocrisy for them to attack me».
VIDEO
50 Cent alla macchina della verità | Vanity Fair Italia
Articoli più letti
Matrimonio a prima vista 10: la scelta finale e lo sfogo degli esperti contro Giulia
di Mario Manca
Fiore Argento, chi è la sorella di Asia che sbarca all'Isola dei famosi
di Roberta Mercuri
Valentina Ferragni è a Los Angeles con il nuovo fidanzato Matteo Napoletano?
di Albachiara Re
You were one of the first artists to celebrate diversity. The icon of the Holy Mary on the cover seems to depict a reflection, a symbol of pain, of inclusion. A sense of motherliness and an acceptance of diversity…
«I am not really sure what it means to say I was one of the first. I felt that it was part of my journey as an artist to give a voice to others. When I started out in New York I was surrounded by a diverse group of people. The people who supported me were largely members of the LGBTQ+ community and of different ethnicities. That was my support system, so why wouldn’t I in turn support and champion them?».
There’s another very provocative religious image in the shoot: a Last Supper with all women instead of men...what was your intention in that tableau?
«Let’s start with the fact that it was Luigi&Iango’s intention to begin with; it was their idea and I thought it was an interesting take. As you know in the Last Supper Jesus is a man and he’s surrounded by male disciples. So I thought it interesting that we would flip the tables around (so to speak) and Jesus would be feminine energy and I would be surrounded by female disciples. I liked the idea we were playing with that contradiction, which isn’t really a contradiction».
What is your relationship with religion today?
«I think it’s important to have ritualistic behavior and a spiritual life. Religion without understanding, knowledge, curiosity, and inclusivity – I don’t consider that to be religion. I’m not subscribing to religious groups that are exclusive of others or extremist in any shape. However, I do respect all religions and encourage people to look into whatever religious belief system they follow. To understand and study their holy books and to understand their ritualistic systems, because otherwise without understanding it’s just dogma and rules, and an empty exercise. My relationship with religion is that I remain very involved in my own spiritual practice and I think it’s imperative for everyone to have a spiritual practice – but I am not defining that for other people. I do think it’s vital to pray and to have connection with some spiritual lifestyle / life force or whatever you want to call it. There is just no way you can survive and get through life without connecting to the idea that there is a higher power and energy force - many energy forces. That there is a metaphysical, mystical world that we are all a part of and need to stay connected to».
Articoli più letti
Matrimonio a prima vista 10: la scelta finale e lo sfogo degli esperti contro Giulia
di Mario Manca
Fiore Argento, chi è la sorella di Asia che sbarca all'Isola dei famosi
di Roberta Mercuri
Valentina Ferragni è a Los Angeles con il nuovo fidanzato Matteo Napoletano?
di Albachiara Re
In another image, you’re portrayed as a fragile doll—a toy that can be broken.
«Once again, I followed the photographers’ idea. And I saw in it the idea of fragility of being a woman—fragility that comes from not connecting with your inner strength. It’s that lack of connection that makes us feel like broken dolls».
Have you ever felt that way?
«Many times. I don't think it's possible to be a female artist or a human being without feeling broken or hurt. You’re a human being and that's how life goes. There’s no life without that feeling».
In another image you appear hanging from a rope, surrounded by bullfighters, abused by men. Is this a reflection on the patriarchal culture and misogyny that continues to characterize society?
«It’s a continuing battle, we do indeed live in a patriarchal world. I’m always fighting against it, pushing against it, or feeling the resistance from it. That tableau was a metaphor for it – I was hanging from a rope, my feet barely touching the ground and I had matadors around me with very long nails as sharp as knives and masks hiding their faces so I couldn’t see their eyes. Everything had an air of danger to it. The idea was I am fighting against the patriarchal world that we live in, which has always been the case for me. I was spinning from one side to the next, one side not aware, sometimes I’m cut, or bumping into things. There’s an element of mystery, of not knowing how things are going to turn out. Traditionally the matador is attacking the bull».
As society, are we moving on from that world?
«We definitely are not moving on, we are moving backwards. Otherwise, we wouldn’t be having discussions on whether or not women are allowed to make choices over their bodies in America».
Are you a pessimist?
«I have to be optimistic otherwise I don’t know how I could go on».
In another image you’re playing with a cellist. You have discovered so many authors, so many talents, so many artists. Who do you like today? Who inspires you?
«That’s a difficult question. I like all artists who have the courage to tell true stories, stories of vulnerability. I’m a big fan of Kendrick Lamar. He’s an incredible artist, his music is incredible. The words he uses are powerful. He’s been able to tell the story of generations that have been the victim of abuse, of drugs, of absent fathers. Its groundbreaking and takes music to a whole new level. Rapping, healing and talking about it at the same time and being very truthful. Clearly he’s done a lot of soul searching, reading and self-examination. I really admire artists who do that and turn it into something that connects with pop culture».
Articoli più letti
Matrimonio a prima vista 10: la scelta finale e lo sfogo degli esperti contro Giulia
di Mario Manca
Fiore Argento, chi è la sorella di Asia che sbarca all'Isola dei famosi
di Roberta Mercuri
Valentina Ferragni è a Los Angeles con il nuovo fidanzato Matteo Napoletano?
di Albachiara Re
Let’s get to the image in which you’re portrayed as Frida Kahlo, next to a man. This Mexican artist has been a kind of guide on your career.
«When I was a teenager I discovered Frida Kahlo at the Detroit Institute of Arts. I was fascinated by how she became a painter—how it stemmed from a bus accident where she was lying a hospital on her back in a bodycast, in pain for a year, and how her father brought her brushes and paint. While she was working through her pain and her inability to move, she used her arms to paint and turned her suffering into something beautiful. She always felt like an outsider as a child growing up and I could connect to that. If Frida Kahlo could endure all the pain and suffering and still create beautiful art and not feel sorry for herself and continue to go on, then I could do the same. She’s always been a source of strength and a muse for me».
There are several clowns in this photo shoot. How come?
«I like the paradox of the clown. A clown dresses up, paints her face, comes on stage, and makes people laugh. But there is some kind of strange darkness that goes with it. Somehow deep down inside you feel the sadness of that clown. That clown is trying so hard to make other people laugh so that he or she can keep from crying. I like that juxtaposition as in the song “Send in the Clowns”. The lyrics are so beautiful - here I am, I’m going to make you laugh, but inside I am crying. I like that diametrically opposed dynamic. I feel that’s true of many entertainers and comedians and I am fascinated by that».
Let's talk about you. About your life. You have lots of children. What has it been like being a mother and an artist?
«It’s been the hardest thing, the toughest battle. Perhaps motherhood is the clown performance that’s been hardest to maintain. Even today, I struggle to understand how to be a mother as well as do my job. Because no matter where you are, whoever you are, having children and raising kids is a work of art. And nobody gives you a manual—you have to learn from your mistakes. It's a job that needs an incredible amount of time. And it’s exhausting because there’s no time for a break».
Several of your children today are artists, painters, DJs, activists. What’s it like being surrounded by such a creative group?
«It makes me very happy they have found their own creativity, and I know it comes from an authentic place. I never encouraged my daughter Lola to make music or my son Rocco to paint, but I did put them in front of art and music their entire lives so I am glad they found a way to express themselves. I respect and admire both of them and their work».
Do you think it was easy for them growing up with a mother like you?
«Not at all. Really, not at all. Growing up with a mother like me is a challenge».
How do you feel today?
«I am very excited about work that is coming up in the future. I’m about to create another show, and I've been working for several years on the screenplay about my life. This is a good time for me—I’m gathering ideas, getting inspired, hanging out with creative people, watching films, seeing art, listening to music - I’m being a social anthropologist. I look for inspiration any place I can possibly find it».
What are you afraid of?
«The idea of living in a society where you can’t be free to express your individuality or your thoughts frightens me. It seems to me that people are increasingly afraid of expressing their opinions, of being authentic. It's like living in one of those futuristic dystopian movies. The problem is that these scenarios have started to come true and that’s scary».
What makes you happy?
«Spending time with my children. And seeing them happy, witnessing their growth, watching them evolve and find the things they love. A big part of my happiness comes from my children. I also get a lot of happiness from the inspiration I find from several artists».
What makes you fall in love?
«What makes me fall in love is having a sense of affinity with someone. When you talk to someone and it feels like you speak the same language. When you see the world in the same way, you are aligned. I always fall in love with creative people who are creative in some way shape or form».
Let's go back 40 years. What advice would you give to that girl in New York,
the young Madonna?
«That girl was broke, and hungry. I’d tell her to go downstairs and make herself some food».
What would you do if you were 20 years old today?
«I don’t even know, I guess I would do the same thing – I would still want to go out in the world, I’d still be curious and hungry for knowledge and want to do as much as possible. I would still want to make my mark on the world, express myself, disturb the peace, be adventurous - be
rebellious. All those things. I wouldn’t be any different, I would just have more food and more shoes».
‘Fuck the EU’: US diplomat Victoria Nuland's phonecall leaked
The assistant US secretary of state, Victoria Nuland, has apologized after her phone conversation about the political crisis in Ukraine was leaked on the internet.
The call between Nuland and a US ambassador focused on the future of the country if it gains a new government. Nuland declined to comment on 'private diplomatic conversations'
Ukraine crisis: Transcript of leaked Nuland-Pyatt call
Victoria Nuland and Geoffrey Pyatt, Kiev, 10 December 2014
Leaked phone call on Ukraine lays bare Washington’s gangsterism
10 February 2014
The US media has shown remarkably little interest in the tape of a telephone call between Victoria Nuland, the State Department’s top official on Europe and Eurasia, and the US ambassador to Ukraine, Geoffrey Pyatt, which was posted on YouTube and became the subject of international controversy beginning last Thursday.
What coverage has been provided has mainly focused on Ms. Nuland’s use of the decidedly undiplomatic phrase “Fuck the EU” in spelling out Washington’s attitude to the role being played by its European partners in the crisis that has gripped Ukraine for nearly three months.
The media’s other slant on the story has dutifully echoed the State Department’s own attempt to deflect the controversy by denouncing the public airing of a private conversation as “a new low in Russian trade-craft.”
The Russian government has vigorously denied the US charge that Moscow is responsible for the leak.
The accusation is, in any case, rather rich coming from a government that has been exposed as spying on the phone conversations of hundreds of millions of people in the US and around the world.
The real political significance of the phone conversation between Nuland and Pyatt is left largely in the shade.
This is no accident, as the call provides a devastating exposure of the criminal and imperialist character of US policy in Ukraine and debunks the phony “democratic” pretensions of the Obama administration.
In his State of the Union speech last month, Obama declared: “In Ukraine, we stand for the principle that all people have the right to express themselves freely and peacefully, and to have a say in their country’s future.”
What the tape makes clear, however, is that Washington is employing methods of international gangsterism, including violence, to effect a political coup aimed at installing a regime that is fully subordinate to US geo-strategic interests.
This operation has no more to do with democracy than the US-orchestrated coups in countries like Chile and Argentina some 40 years ago.
The precise goal of US efforts is to shift political power into the hands of a collection of Western-aligned Ukrainian oligarchs who enriched themselves off of the private appropriation—theft—of state property carried out as part of the Stalinist bureaucracy’s dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
In doing so, it aims to turn Ukraine into a US imperialist beachhead on the very border of Russia, whose territory it also wants to divide and subjugate to neocolonial status as part of its drive to assert American hegemony throughout the strategic landmass of Eurasia.
The Nuland-Pyatt conversation is concerned with the nuts and bolts of this venture. They involve the whipping up of anti-Russian Ukrainian nationalism and aid to far-right political forces that serve as a battering ram against the government of President Viktor Yanukovych.
The Ukraine president’s turn toward a deal with Russia rather than integration into the European Union was the spark for the current campaign for regime-change.
Nuland makes clear that behind the scenes, Washington is dictating which leaders of the opposition—referred to as “the big three”—should enter the government to swing it behind Washington and what role the others will play.
Arseniy Yatsenyuk of the Fatherland Party, who served as minister of economy and minister of foreign affairs in the ill-fated government brought to power by the so-called Orange Revolution orchestrated by Washington in 2004, is identified by the assistant secretary of state as “the guy who’s got the economic experience, the governing experience.”
Nuland proposes that two other prominent right-wing leaders of the anti-Yanukovych protests—ex-boxer Vitali Klitschko, the chief of the Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reforms, or Udar (an acronym that means “punch”), and Oleh Tyahnybok, leader of the neo-fascist Svoboda party—remain “on the outside,” continuing to whip up right-wing mobs. Yatsenyuk, she adds, “needs to be talking to them four times a week.”
She and the ambassador refer to two of these figures as “Yats” and “Klitsch,” the kind of names normally reserved for poodles.
During her latest visit to Kiev, which coincided with the leaking of the phone call, Nuland met and posed publicly with the three opposition leaders mentioned in the taped conversation—“Yats,” “Klitsch” and the man who is playing the decisive role in the organization of the violent protests in Maidan Square, Svoboda leader Tyahnybok.
Tyahnybok was reportedly banned last year from entering the US because of rabidly anti-Semitic speeches praising his followers for striking fear in “the Moscow-Jewish mafia ruling Ukraine,” and hailing World War II-era Ukrainian fascists for fighting Russians, Germans “kikes and other scum.” This, however, did not give Nuland pause.
During her previous visit to Ukraine in December 2013, Nuland, the grand-daughter of Jewish immigrants who fled to America to escape pogroms in Tsarist Russia, provided a uniquely repellent spectacle, handing out cookies in Maidan square to Svoboda thugs who venerate the mass murderers of Hitler’s SS.
Nuland personifies the continuity of US foreign policy, from the crimes of the Bush administration to the deepening of these crimes under Obama.
She served as a chief foreign policy advisor to Dick Cheney when the then-vice-president was spearheading the policies of aggressive war, rendition and torture abroad and erecting the infrastructure of a police state at home.
Her husband is Robert Kagan, the right-wing foreign policy pundit who served as the founding chairman of the Project for a New American Century, the neo-conservative Washington think tank that played a key role in the political and ideological preparation for the wars against Iraq and Afghanistan.
Today she promotes a similar policy on the very borders of nuclear-armed Russia. The tensions which this has engendered are reflected in the “Fuck the EU” remark. In pursuit of its geo-strategic interests, Washington is growing increasingly impatient over the reluctance of Germany, at least to this point, to go for a frontal confrontation with Moscow.
This time around, the aggressive policy of US imperialism enjoys the backing of various pseudo-left elements who swallow whole the slogans of democracy and humanitarianism, ranging from the post-modernist charlatan Slavoj Zizek to the International Socialist Organization, which manages to publish a lengthy report on the events in Ukraine without once mentioning the machinations of Washington.
Washington’s incendiary policy poses a threat of civil war in Ukraine and increases the danger of a global conflagration.
The Ukrainian working class cannot extricate itself from this crisis under the wing of either Yanukovych or his right-wing opponents, which represent rival factions of oligarchs who agree on destroying the living standards and rights of the working population.
The workers will find a way forward only by building their own independent mass socialist movement, implacably opposed to imperialism and committed to the unification of their struggles with those of workers in Russia, Europe and the rest of the world.
A bugged phone conversation in which a senior US diplomat disparages the EU over the Ukraine crisis has been posted online.
The conversation between Assistant Secretary of State Victoria Nuland and the US Ambassador to Ukraine, Geoffrey Pyatt, appeared on YouTube on Thursday. It is not clearly when the alleged conversation took place.
Here is a transcript, with analysis by BBC diplomatic correspondent Jonathan Marcus:
Voice thought to be Nuland's: What do you think?
Jonathan Marcus:
At the outset it should be clear that this is a fragment of what may well be a larger phone conversation. But the US has not denied its veracity and has been quick to point a finger at the Russian authorities for being behind its interception and leak.
Voice thought to be Pyatt's:
I think we're in play. The Klitschko [Vitaly Klitschko, one of three main opposition leaders] piece is obviously the complicated electron here. Especially the announcement of him as deputy prime minister and you've seen some of my notes on the troubles in the marriage right now so we're trying to get a read really fast on where he is on this stuff. But I think your argument to him, which you'll need to make, I think that's the next phone call you want to set up, is exactly the one you made to Yats [Arseniy Yatseniuk, another opposition leader]. And I'm glad you sort of put him on the spot on where he fits in this scenario. And I'm very glad that he said what he said in response.
Jonathan Marcus:
The US says that it is working with all sides in the crisis to reach a peaceful solution, noting that "ultimately it is up to the Ukrainian people to decide their future". However this transcript suggests that the US has very clear ideas about what the outcome should be and is striving to achieve these goals. Russian spokesmen have insisted that the US is meddling in Ukraine's affairs - no more than Moscow, the cynic might say - but Washington clearly has its own game-plan. The clear purpose in leaking this conversation is to embarrass Washington and for audiences susceptible to Moscow's message to portray the US as interfering in Ukraine's domestic affairs.
Nuland:
Good. I don't think Klitsch should go into the government. I don't think it's necessary, I don't think it's a good idea.
Pyatt:
Yeah. I guess... in terms of him not going into the government, just let him stay out and do his political homework and stuff. I'm just thinking in terms of sort of the process moving ahead we want to keep the moderate democrats together. The problem is going to be Tyahnybok [Oleh Tyahnybok, the other opposition leader] and his guys and I'm sure that's part of what [President Viktor] Yanukovych is calculating on all this.
Nuland:
[Breaks in] I think Yats is the guy who's got the economic experience, the governing experience. He's the... what he needs is Klitsch and Tyahnybok on the outside. He needs to be talking to them four times a week, you know. I just think Klitsch going in... he's going to be at that level working for Yatseniuk, it's just not going to work.
Pyatt:
Yeah, no, I think that's right. OK. Good. Do you want us to set up a call with him as the next step?
Nuland:
My understanding from that call - but you tell me - was that the big three were going into their own meeting and that Yats was going to offer in that context a... three-plus-one conversation or three-plus-two with you. Is that not how you understood it?
Pyatt:
No. I think... I mean that's what he proposed but I think, just knowing the dynamic that's been with them where Klitschko has been the top dog, he's going to take a while to show up for whatever meeting they've got and he's probably talking to his guys at this point, so I think you reaching out directly to him helps with the personality management among the three and it gives you also a chance to move fast on all this stuff and put us behind it before they all sit down and he explains why he doesn't like it.
Nuland:
OK, good. I'm happy. Why don't you reach out to him and see if he wants to talk before or after.
Pyatt:
OK, will do. Thanks.
Nuland:
OK... one more wrinkle for you Geoff. [A click can be heard] I can't remember if I told you this, or if I only told Washington this, that when I talked to Jeff Feltman [United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs] this morning, he had a new name for the UN guy Robert Serry did I write you that this morning?
Jonathan Marcus:
An intriguing insight into the foreign policy process with work going on at a number of levels:
Various officials attempting to marshal the Ukrainian opposition; efforts to get the UN to play an active role in bolstering a deal; and (as you can see below) the big guns waiting in the wings - US Vice-President Joe Biden clearly being lined up to give private words of encouragement at the appropriate moment.
Pyatt:
Yeah I saw that.
Nuland:
OK. He's now gotten both Serry and [UN Secretary General] Ban Ki-moon to agree that Serry could come in Monday or Tuesday. So that would be great, I think, to help glue this thing and to have the UN help glue it and, you know, Fuck the EU.
Jonathan Marcus:
Not for the first time in an international crisis, the US expresses frustration at the EU's efforts. Washington and Brussels have not been completely in step during the Ukraine crisis. The EU is divided and to some extent hesitant about picking a fight with Moscow. It certainly cannot win a short-term battle for Ukraine's affections with Moscow - it just does not have the cash inducements available. The EU has sought to play a longer game; banking on its attraction over time. But the US clearly is determined to take a much more activist role.
Pyatt:
No, exactly. And I think we've got to do something to make it stick together because you can be pretty sure that if it does start to gain altitude, that the Russians will be working behind the scenes to try to torpedo it. And again the fact that this is out there right now, I'm still trying to figure out in my mind why Yanukovych (garbled) that. In the meantime there's a Party of Regions faction meeting going on right now and I'm sure there's a lively argument going on in that group at this point. But anyway we could land jelly side up on this one if we move fast. So let me work on Klitschko and if you can just keep... we want to try to get somebody with an international personality to come out here and help to midwife this thing. The other issue is some kind of outreach to Yanukovych but we probably regroup on that tomorrow as we see how things start to fall into place.
Nuland:
So on that piece Geoff, when I wrote the note [US vice-president's national security adviser Jake] Sullivan's come back to me VFR [direct to me], saying you need [US Vice-President Joe] Biden and I said probably tomorrow for an atta-boy and to get the deets [details] to stick. So Biden's willing.
Pyatt:
OK. Great. Thanks.
Jonathan Marcus:
Overall this is a damaging episode between Washington and Moscow. Nobody really emerges with any credit. The US is clearly much more involved in trying to broker a deal in Ukraine than it publicly lets on. There is some embarrassment too for the Americans given the ease with which their communications were hacked. But is the interception and leaking of communications really the way Russia wants to conduct its foreign policy ? Goodness - after Wikileaks, Edward Snowden and the like could the Russian government be joining the radical apostles of open government? I doubt it. Though given some of the comments from Vladimir Putin's adviser on Ukraine Sergei Glazyev - for example his interview with the Kommersant-Ukraine newspaper the other day - you don't need your own listening station to be clear about Russia's intentions. Russia he said "must interfere in Ukraine" and the authorities there should use force against the demonstrators.
Why Does Microsoft Even Want to Associate With Satanic Ritual Cults and Marina Abramović?
Microsoft’s ‘news’ sites fail to heed the warning or the toxicity (bad publicity) associated with Marina Abramović and they promote Microsoft’s proprietary software using not only militarism (goggles for the Army) but borderline cannibalism
What does Microsoft have in common with Satanic ‘spirit cooking’ rituals?
Watch what has just been promoted as a “World Tour” in MSN? It’s promoted shamelessly in a Microsoft site (MSN is fully controlled by Microsoft), which does marketing and propaganda for the company rather than objective news.
One reader asked us: “Ever hear of “spirit cooking”?”
“If not, read up on what came of the Podesta Emails via Wikileaks and then check this out.”
“I wrote a lot about this as soon as Podesta E-mails came out,” I responded, though “I didn’t take that to be or to mean what some people claim it to be… but it showed how debased, irrational and bloodthirsty some people are. They think these cults are entertainment…
“Maybe they just got bored of their yachts and stuff…”
For those who don’t know, these silly rituals, which involve blood and breast milk (from humans) — sometimes even parts of carcasses like animal skulls — are beyond bizarre. They’re described as performances, but any members of the public who are amused by sticking pins and consuming blood (or milk intended for babies) or whatever the hell they do probably need to visit a psychiatrist to have their heads examined.
The only surprising thing is that Microsoft is willing to associate itself with that occult lunacy to promote its proprietary software products*. Unreal! Maybe they’ll name a successor to Vista 10 “Windows Epstein Edition” as an homage to a close friend of Bill Gates.
* These products have failed in the market, so Microsoft will settle for anything to create the false perception of widespread use.
An advert for the HoloLens 2 headset, featuring artist Marina Abramović, mysteriously disappeared from Youtube after having been uploaded by Microsoft on April 10. Now, the link listed on Google to Microsoft’s page dedicated to Abramović’s art is redirecting to their more general page of arts initiatives...
Backlash: satanism leads Microsoft to delete ad featuring Marina Abramović
Combining digital imagery with the real world, the HoloLens 2 uses mixed reality to allow users to keep their surroundings in view whilst experiencing the images produced by the headset.
The advert, which Microsoft did not deny had been deleted, featured Abramović discussing her new work in the mixed reality medium — The Life — as well as a demonstration of the piece and an interview with a representative from Christie’s auction house (who have plans to sell The Life for over $775,000 in October).
When users view the piece through the headset, they see Abramović slowly walking around in the red dress from her acclaimed 2010 performance The Artist is Present, with digital effects causing her image to blink. “I believe that art of the future is art without objects.
This is just pure transmission of energy between the viewer and the artist,” Abramović says in the ad.
So why was the video taken down? Of the 24,000 ‘dislikes’ on the video before it was deleted, many flooded in following a post on far-right blogger Alex Jones’ Infowars, which tries to tie the video to allegations of Satanism that arose from right-wing internet users in 2016, despite the piece making no direct reference to the cult.
Allegations arose surrounding the 2016 U.S. election, largely based on a leaked email from Abramović to Tony Podesta (art collector and brother of Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign chairman, John Podesta), inviting him to a performance of her 1997 work Spirit Cooking, which features paintings made from pigs’ blood. Reacting to the book of recipes containing instructions of violence to accompany the piece, right-wing outlet claimed that the work implicated the artist and the Podestas in a sex cult.
WikiLeaks reveal that Hillary Clinton’s right-hand man, John Podesta — and his Clinton-bundler D.C. lobbyist brother Tony — are good friends with Marina Abramovic
Liberal elite rings who think “Spirit Cooking” and blood mixtures painted on golems (clay figures used during religious ceremonies) is normal = non-story.
Earlier this week I was sifting through WikiLeaks files when I ran across an invitation from Tony Podesta to his brother John to attend a “Spirit Cooking” dinner with Ms. Abramovic (i.e., the lady who gets upset on Twitter when she’s accused of being into satanic rituals despite creating an @AbramovicM666 account).
“Are you in NYC Thursday July 9 Marina wants you to come to dinner Mary?” — Tony Podesta, June 28, 2015.
“Dear Tony, I am so looking forward to the Spirit Cooking dinner at my place. Do you think you will be able to let me know if your brother is joining? All my love, Marina.” — Marina Abramovic, June 25, 2015.
These people are obviously good friends
This is how you speak with your inner circle
Therefore, it is newsworthy that someone who will literally be able to whisper in the ear of the commander in chief if Hillary Clinton is elected president hangs out with freaks.
Here is what the New York Times said of Abramovic on Nov. 1:
“You will need to be able to withstand a great deal of conversation about clairvoyants and tarot cards and didgeridoos and kundalini life forces and monks and gurus and ‘how the soul can leave the body through the center of the fontanel of the head’ to make it very far in this memoir. …
Abramovic reports in ‘Walk Through Walls’ that under the right circumstances, she can foresee world events,” the newspaper wrote. “‘I dreamed of an earthquake in Italy: 48 hours later, there was an earthquake in southern Italy. I had a vision of someone shooting the Pope: 48 hours later, someone tried to shoot Pope John Paul II.’”
Ask yourself this question:
Who are your friends and what do you guys do on the weekend?
Do you fill tubs with blood-like goo and naked women and then eat from their bodies, or do you go to a steakhouse and have fun over a few beers?
Ask yourself this question: Why does Hillary Clinton’s inner circle include Anthony Weiner — a man who is under FBI investigation for sexual messages to a teenage girl; Bill Clinton (need I say more?); and people who think Marina Abramovic’s naked self-mutilation and occult “art” is normal?
I wrote a story on this subject for work, but not a single mainstream media outlet covered it. They ignored it.
They shunned it, ironically, like the devil. Meanwhile, Twitter and YouTube and other social media platforms exploded with “Spirit Cooking” trends. The traffic for the story was through the roof — and yet, silence.
People like Katie Pavlich over at Townhall, one of the few writers who addressed it, tried to torpedo the story entirely using giant straw-man arguments.
Because Ms. Pavlich felt Infowars likened Mr. Podesta to a “blood sucking, hair eating devil worshipper,” then ipso facto there was nothing to cover.
Wrong.
You can tell a lot about a man by who his close friends are, and it speaks volumes that the Podestas receive “all my love” messages from a woman who thinks it’s normal to get naked in front of strangers and cut herself, or to create “aphrodisiac” recipes that require “fresh urine” and “fresh sperm milk” for “earthquake nights.”
For Townhall writers like Ms. Pavlich, it apparently means nothing that Ms. Abramovic a.) sees herself as a mystic, b.) says that performing her rituals at home makes “magic” possible, and c.) told artist James Franco that she hates the studio and loves to “perform” at home.
“If you are doing the occult magic in the context of art or in a gallery, then it is art. If you are doing it in a different context, in spiritual circles or private house or on TV shows, it is not art.” — Marina Abramovic on question about magic via Reddit interview.
Move along. Move along. Nothing to see here.
Oh, and did I mention that the artist now says she called the “Spirit” dinner that because “we just call things funny names”?
What are all the chances that out of all the “funny” names she could have picked, she used “Spirit Cooking dinner”?
rebel-media-spirit-cooking
And here is what she told Mr. Franco:
“I hate studio, to start with. Studio is a trap. Studio is the worst place — the artist should never be [there]. The art comes from life — not from studio.” — Marina Abramovic to James Franco via Wall Street Journal interview, December 2009.
The mainstream media is filled with a bunch of people who are obsessed about losing their place within “The Inner Ring” that C.S. Lewis spoke about years ago.
The mainstream media are terrified about what will happen if they cover an explosive story about Hillary Clinton’s inner circle and then she is elected president. That is why CNN and others had to be dragged kicking and screaming to cover WikiLeaks, FBI investigations into the former secretary of state, and the “pay-for-play” corruption of The Clinton Foundation.
But hey, maybe I’m wrong and the Podesta brothers’ buddy-buddy relationship with Marina “Eat the Pain” Abramovic is not worth your time.
– Satanism: A Social History (Leiden: Brill) – I regard the accusation as ridiculous. I recently participated in a session in a conference at the University of Belgrade about the esotericism of Marina Abramovič. There may be different opinions on her esoteric method, but one thing is sure: it has nothing to do with Satanism.
Abramovič is part of a larger contemporary artistic tradition that sees artistic performance as spirituality and healing. This tradition perhaps starts with the paintings of Mondrian and Malevich and in more recent times is well represented by artists within the Italian movement of Arte Povera such as Michelangelo Pistoletto, who wrote a manifesto for a new religious proposal he calls omnitheism. For these artists, the question whether a certain performance is art or spirituality does not make sense. It is both, and in fact art is perceived as a form of spirituality in itself.
Abramovič’s great-uncle was the Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church, so we cannot rule out the Christian element in the formation of her spirituality. However her parents were both staunch Communists and her father was part of the insider circle of the Yugoslavian Communist regime. However, recent scholarship confirmed that within the Yugoslavian Communist Party there were seriously cultivated esoteric and parapsychological interests, although they were not officially acknowledged. Even after the fall of the regime within the Serbian Army there was something called “Group 69” trying to use parapsychological weapons against the enemies of Serbia. It was a curious mixture of Communism and then post-Communism, Serbian nationalism, and esotericism. This is the milieu where Marina was raised.
She always claimed that their performances have a healing content. In a more discrete way, in less public activities, she elaborated what she called the Abramovič Method, which heals through something that is, again, artistic performance and ritual at the same time. The method uses quartz, crystal, and other sacred stones, magnets, a search for the Earth’s energy lines, and old Eastern techniques such as counting the grains of rice.
Abramovič is also interested in Santeria and cooperated with the Brazilian Spiritualist healer John of God and actually served as a Spiritualist medium during some of John’s services.
The teaching was more or less secret for decades, and Abramovič had also private clients for lessons in the Method, including Lady Gaga. More recently, the Method is becoming more public, and the artist is also creating a lineage of sort of teachers authorized by her, including her long-time assistant Lynsey Peisinger.
As for the “Spirit Cooking” performances, I see them dismissed in these hours as just tongue-in-check jokes, as Abramovič created performances where she wrote strange recipes with pig blood on the walls. The recipes were admittedly surrealistic, but for the insiders Abramovič was also alluding, sometimes in an ironic way, to various Western and Eastern esoteric traditions, without necessarily approving them.
Again, this is not Satanism. A Satanist group is a group worshiping the character called the Devil or Satan in the Bible. It doesn’t matter whether they regard Satan as a metaphor or a symbol (as in Anton LaVey’s Church of Satan) or a real sentient being (as, perhaps, in the Order of the Nine Angles, which may well be the largest Satanist group today). The focus of the ritual interaction should be Satan. In the Abramovič Method, worship of Satan plays no role whatsoever.
666 and other “sinister” symbols are used by Abramovič in a rather playful way, occasionally as a pun on fundamentalist/evangelical criticism seeing all occultism and esotericism and satanic. Actually, within the larger genus of esoteric and occult movements, Satanism is a species – an interesting tradition involving perhaps 1% of all existing esoteric/occult groups. But for certain evangelical counter-cult groups all esoteric traditions are Satanist, which is of course nonsensical. A few days ago, on October 23, Jack Chick died at age 92. I am grateful to him for having accepted to be interviewed by me several years ago. He was the quintessential evangelical fundamentalist who regarded all brands of occultism, esotericism, or New Age as satanic. He even denounced parents allowing their children to participate in Halloween as crypto-Satanist. I wrote several articles about how paradoxical it is to see even some Catholics spreading Chick’s ideas about the New Age, Halloween and any conceivable esoteric movement as Satanist, since Chick was a rabid anti-Catholic and for him the Catholic Church was the quintessential Satanist organization. I mention Chick here because he was a very good example of evangelicals believing that everybody who’s not evangelical is a Satanist. And he was not a simple oddity – he sold millions of comics and tracts and was very influential in a certain evangelical subculture.
Abramovič is, first of all, an artist, and artists are often about provocation. Surely she wants to challenge the Christian establishment, particularly because a part of this same Christian establishment attacks the New Age spirituality she is a part of as satanic. In the “Spirit Cooking” series there may be an implicit reference to Crowley, when sperm is mentioned – although magical rituals involving sperm are not unique to Crowley. As the well-known historian of religion’s Mircea Eliade has demonstrated, they date back to Indian and Chinese sources, and are found in a variety of Western esoteric schools, most of them quite far away from Satanism – but what critics do not realize is that these references in “Spirit Cooking” are not necessarily complimentary. Some of the references mean that Abramovič is aware of these esoteric schools, but she does not agree with them. In fact, she believes their methods do not work and a new method is needed – her own. In my book ”Satanism: A Social History” I have a chapter explaining why Crowley was not a Satanist. Like Abramovič, he included in his writing some playful references to Satan or Satanic symbols. But he was very critical of Satanists, as for him Satanists accepts the Judeo-Christian, Biblical description of Satan, while if you really want to oppose Christianity, as Crowley did, he believed you should walk out of the Jewish and Christian Bible altogether.
Abramovič’s spirituality can be classified within the New Age versions of Western esotericism, where different schools and techniques are put together with a sort of esoteric syncretism. But none of these can be even remotely connected to Satanism, and in fact the Abramovič Method is about healing techniques aimed at mobilizing what is positive and luminous in your life and in the Earth’s energies.
At the end of this month, at the American Academy of Religion’s annual meeting in San Antonio, Texas, we will have a session on “The Fear of the Occult,” with me as one of the speakers. My topic there in fact is “The Fear of the Occult and Politics.” There is little doubt that populist politicians like to depict their enemies as part of secret groups involved in the occult. It started with accusations against Queen Marie Antoinette in revolutionary France, and went on with the campaigns against Freemasonry in the 19th century, where Freemasons were accused – falsely – of worshiping the Devil. Basically, it never stopped. It is part of a certain populist rhetorics. The fear of the occult becomes the fear of the elites.
The most evil artist' next project launching at the Royal Academy of Arts in London in 2020, will see the artist being shocked by a million volts
she is collaborating with Factum Arte, an art and technology company which is creating a machine to shock her
8 Bizarre Performances by Marina Abramović That Will Leave You Open-Mouthed
Friend of the Rothschilds and connoisseur of characters belonging to the elite, she hides an enormous secret in her work.
Marina Abramovic's mother was a leader of the Orthodox Christian church in her country.
Probably Marina knew from that moment that a common religion wasn't designed for her and all her spirituality.
It was not until 1965 that she began studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Belgrade.
Raised in communist Serbia, Marina became interested in politics and leftist movements during her student years.
However, after becoming disillusioned with politics, she began to explore her more spiritual side.
With access to the libraries of prestigious personalities in her country, Marina and her brother Velimir began to read significant esoteric books (and such was their influence that Velimir became an influential author of the New Age movement).
Later, Marina adopted Joseph Beuys' idea about art: the artist could become a shaman and a healer of society.
That is how her performances took a path inclined to spirituality and esotericism.
In 1972 she completed her postgraduate studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Zagreb, Croatia.
A year later, while preparing her first solo performance called Rhythm 10 — the first of a series of four performances —she was teaching at the Academy of Fine Arts in Novi Sad.
In the '60s and '70s, many accused Marina of performing occult rituals that allowed her to stay young.
They began to call her a vampire because of this "gift" she seemed to possess.
She claimed that the women in her family lived too long.
Since then and up to the present day, the artist has continued to use her body as a medium to explore new horizons, marking the rest of society with her strong presence and shocking proposals.
That comprises around fifty works, including sound pieces, audiovisuals, installations, photos, and objects.
And performances solo and with other artists.
Her first performances, known as the "Ritmo 10", "Ritmo 5", "Ritmo 2", and "Ritmo 0" series, took place between 1973 and 1974 and were marked by controversy.
With them, she explored the limits of her body to pain and the audience's resistance to see what Abramović showed in an energetic dialogue between artist and spectators.
The artist continued with the idea common to all performances in these actions.
That feeling of the world through the personal experience of one's body.
Rhythm 10 (1973).
To explore elements of ritual and gesture, the artist used a set of knives with different blades and two tape recorders to perform the Russian game of knives.
The performance begins when the artist gives rhythmic blows with the first of the knives between the fingers of her other hand until she cuts herself, at which point she goes on to perform the same operation with the different prepared.
After using all the knives and having cut himself more than twenty times, he reproduced the sounds recorded on the tape to repeat the same movements, with errors included, thus managing to unite the past with the present.
In this way, Abramović explored the limits of moral and physical resistance-the pain and sounds of stabbing, the double sound of history and repetition-
That led her to reflect on the mind's and the organism's behavioral patterns.
And consider the state of consciousness in which the artist finds herself at the moment of the action.
Rhythm 5 or The Fire Star (1974).
She then performed her Rhythm 5, which in those days was known as The Star of Fire; she set fire to a big five-pointed star made of wood, known as petokraka (used to represent Serbian socialism and the pentagram in occultism).
Then Marina cut her hair and toenails and prostrated herself in the middle of the star.
She lost consciousness due to a lack of oxygen, and one of her colleagues had to pull her out.
Abramovic said that with this performance, she wanted to reflect on the socialist oppression they lived.
Rhythm 2 (1974).
In the performance "Rhythm 2", Marina Abramović experimented with testing whether a state of unconsciousness gets incorporated into a performance action.
In the first part of the experiment, she took one of the pills used for catatonia to test what connection got established between her body and mind.
The pill ingestion caused violent convulsions that made the artist lose control of her body.
Her mind remained lucid, and she was able to observe everything that was happening around her.
Ten minutes later, she carried out the second part of the experiment, in which she ingested another kind of pill used by depressive and violent people.
They caused her body to become immobile.
Although he was physically present, his mind was not.
Rhythm 0 (1974).
Undoubtedly her most daring and well-known performance.
To test the bounds of the relationship between artist and audience, Abramović developed one of her most demanding performances.
She adopted a passive role while the audience forced her to perform through her body manipulation.
On a table, she placed 72 objects that could give pleasure or inflict pain, including scissors, a gun, lipstick, a fork, and knives.
And a whip, which the audience could use as they wished, under the sole condition of applying them to the artist's body.
Initially, the audience reacted with caution and modesty, but as the six hours of the performance went by.
And in the face of the artist's impassivity, the spectators overcame their initial resistance and began to act more aggressively.
And violently, even leaving her clothes torn and shooting her with a loaded pistol.
That was one of the actions that best defined her concept of art and became her most characteristic artistic language.
With Ritmo Zero, the artist concluded the investigation with her own body, addressing how much we are affected and inhibited by the response of others before our actions.
She deals with issues such as alienation, tyranny, domination, and the sense of superiority.
Thomas Lips (1975).
Later she made another performance entitled Thomas Lips.
In it, Marina takes the "eucharist" while sitting completely naked.
She eats a kilo of honey and drinks a liter of wine.
She marks the pentagram on her belly with a sharp razor and begins to flog herself until she bleeds.
The performance ends with her prostration on an ice cross from which the audience had to remove her when she became unconscious.
In the 1980s, Abramovic decided to live for a year with the Australian Aborigines.
And she says that from them, she learned to control her physical and mental body.
She also studied the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism and the powers of Brazilian crystals and practiced vipassana in India.
Marina, in fact, also built her healing method that promoted meditation and introspection: with muscle relaxation, deep gazes, and breathing exercises, she puts on (she still practices it) headphones to isolate sound and then relaxes her muscles with various poses that allow her absolute meditation and peace.
The lovers (1988).
With the performance, The lovers, one of the most emblematic of their careers, Abramović and Ulay staged the wear and tear of their relationship with the physical and emotional wear and tear caused by walking nearly 2,000 kilometers of the Great Wall of China, each from one end of the wall and for 90 days, approximately about three months.
They decided to make a spiritual journey to end their personal and professional relationship.
When they met at the center, the couple consummated their separation.
They provide a fitting and romantic end to a relationship full of mysticism, energy, and attraction.
Undoubtedly together, they formed one of the most fruitful sentimental and professional tandems in the history of art, with the support of their complementary complicity and attraction.
Their excellent harmony and understanding have had many brilliant pieces at a creative level.
Spirit Cooking (1997).
But her spirituality was cut short last year after accusations that she was satanic and demonic.
After Marina held a Kickstarter for her new project, she held a thank you dinner for everyone who had contributed.
Among the guests were Tony Podesta and her brother John Podesta, Hillary Clinton's campaign manager.
Then the rumors that Abramovic's dinner was a satanic ritual began to be heard everywhere (to discredit the Democratic candidate's campaign and the grandmother's career of the performance).
Everyone tried to deny what happened; Podesta did not even go to the dinner where Abramovic would teach her guests to prepare soup; however, what gave the title to her dinner was an installation that the artist made in 1997:
Here, we see Marina Abramovic writing what seems to be cooking something that uses sperm and breastmilk with pig's blood.
A metal bucket, liters of pig's blood, and a fat brush were enough for Marina Abramovic to perform her ritual in an exhibition hall.
While wearing a black robe, the Serbian artist finished the last brush strokes and emptied the remaining blood (including clots) into some wax figurines in the room's corners. Then, she covered the exhibition hall's edges with the remaining contents.
The sinister mixture of pig's blood and precise instructions made part of her 1997 work Spirit Cooking.
Although they appeared to be incantations or precise instructions for a demonic ritual, Abramovic claimed that it was a questioning of religion's influence on her work and humanity.
We often let the inexplicable rule and legitimize our lives and actions.
And even our bodies; for Abramovic, however, it was poetry.
A year earlier, she had published a book of aphrodisiac recipes.
The artist is present (2010).
On March 14, 2010, a major retrospective of the artist's work opened at MoMa, including video recordings from the 1970s, photographs and documents, and a chronological installation with re-enactments by actors of actions previously performed by Abramović.
The exhibition got accompanied by an illustrated catalog that included an audio recording in the artist's voice to guide the viewer.
For the retrospective, Marina Abramović presented the performance ever, 716 and a half hours sitting motionless in front of a table in the museum's atrium, where viewers were invited to sit it to share the artist's presence for as long as they deemed necessary.
The performance took place daily for seven hours and was broadcast live on a website created for the occasion.
When the museum was closed, videos of other actions, workshops, and interviews could be through the web.
Although there was no verbal communication between Abramović and the public, the participation of the visitors was indispensable to complete the action so that they could have a personal and unmediated experience with the artist and her work.
In this way, it is possible to appreciate the artist's imperturbability and the reactions of her successive companions.
And the other visitors to her impassive behavior.
Ulay made a surprise appearance during the opening, participating in the action and meeting her traveling companion again after 22 years of separation.
Internationally recognized for her long-term works on artistic time and chronological time and the relationship between the two, the artist assumes with this performance a total commitment,
She stated that the longer the performance lasts, the greater the physical and mental transformation she experiences and the more she can transmit to the public.
She believes that the time we live in is so short that we must stop and think to be aware of the present.
Artists have to do so that people disconnect for a moment and go to the here and now.
It was 62 days sitting on a chair holding the visitor's gaze, who sat in front of her.
One at a time is another way of exploring the body's limits.
When she finished, she got dismissed by the audience with a 13-minute ovation.
Sources:
http://colaboracionum2013.blogspot.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QKMzKo9XZ4
https://vocal.media/fyi/8-bizarre-performances-by-marina-abramovic-that-will-leave-you-open-mouthed
Inspired by 19th-century photography, when volts were used to produce prints, it is not as scary as it sounds, apparently.
“If you are charged up properly, the stream of electricity coming from your fingers will put out a candle a metre away from you,” said Factum Arte’s founder #AdamLowe. “We are not reckless or cavalier with the technology. Her performances are highly extreme. Many of the things she has done are far more dangerous.”
https://vocal.media/fyi/8-bizarre-performances-by-marina-abramovic-that-will-leave-you-open-mouthed
https://threadreaderapp.com/hashtag/satanism
https://glasstire.com/2020/05/10/art-dirt-the-intersection-of-art-and-conspiracy-theories/
https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/marina-abramovic-gallery?page=2
https://news.artnet.com/opinion/marina-abramovic-new-world-order-explainer-1838223
https://arthur.io/art/marina-abramovic/untitled-2
http://kreemart.com/moca-annual-gala/